Books 1-3 Review Flashcards
What is a sentence?
A sentence is a group of words expressiong a complete thought.
What are the two parts of every sentence?
The two parts of every sentnece are the subject and predicate.
What is a subject?
The subject tells who or what the sentence is about.
What is a predicate?
The predicate tells wihat the subject is or does.
Give the four types of sentences classified by purpose with definitions.
The four types of sentences are declarative, imperative, interrogative, or exclamatory.
a. A declarative sentence makes a statement
b. A imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request.
c. An interrogative sentence asks a question.
d. An exclamatory sentence expresses strong feeling.
Give the eight parts of speech.
The eight parts of speech are noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.
What is a noun?
A noun is word that names a person, place, thing, or idea.
Name the four ways nouns may be classified.
Nouns may be common or proper, concrete or abstract, collective, and compound.
What is a common noun? Give examples.
A common noun names a non-specific person, place, or thing. It is not capitalized.
What is a proper noun? Give examples.
A proper noun names a specifice person, place, or thing. It is capitalized.
Ex. John, Italy, the White House
What is a concrete noun? Give examples.
A concrete noun names something that can be perceived by the senses.
Ex. truth, goodness, beauty
What is an abstract noun? Give examples.
An abstract noun names a quality, characteristic, or idea that cannot be perceived by the senses.
Ex. truth, goodness, beauty
What is a compound noun? Give the three kinds with examples.
A compound noun is maked up of more than one word.
a. The words can be joined into one word.
Ex. door step
b. The words can be joined with hyphens.
Ex. sister-in-law
c. The words can be seperate.
Ex. United States of America
What is a collective noun? Give examples.
A collective noun names a group.
Ex. team, flock, class
Name and define the three grammar persons.
The three grammar persons are first person (the person speaking), second person (the person spoken to), and third person (the person spoken about).
What is a pronoun?
A pronoun is word used in place of a noun.
Give the subject personal pronouns in three persons.
The subject personal pronouns are I, you, he, she, it, we, you (all), they.
Give the object personal pronouns in three persons.
The object personal pronouns are me, you, him, her, it, us, you (all), them.
What is an adjective?
An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun.
Give the three questions adjectives answer with examples.
Adjectives answer the questions: which one, what kind, and how much or how many.
Ex. 1 John gave Mary that rose. (which one)
Ex. 2 John gave Mary a red rose. (what kind)
Ex. 3 John gave Mary a dozen roses. (how many)
Define article and name the three English articles.
Articles are words that signify nouns. A and An are the indefinite articles. The is the definite article. Articles are considered adjectives.
What is an adverb?
An adverb is a word that usually modifies a verb, but also an adjective or another adverb.
Give the four questions adverbs answer. Give examples.
Adverbs answer the questions: how (manner), when, where, and to what extent (how often, how much).
Ex. 1 He walks gracefully. (how)
Ex. 2 He walks early. (when)
Ex. 3 He walks outside. (where)
Ex. 4 He walks often. (to what extent)
What is a verb?
A verb is a word that shows action or being.
What verb shows being or existence?
The to be verb shows being or existence.
Give all forms of the to be verb.
The forms of the to be verb are am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been.
What is a physical action verb? Give examples.
A physical action verb expressions action that can be perceived by the senses.
Ex. kick, run, eat
What is a mental action verb? Give examples.
A mental action verb expressions action that cannot be perceived by the senses.
Ex. think, know, believe
What is a verb phrase? Give examples.
A verb phrase is made up of a main verb and one or more helping verbs.
Ex. 1I have been walking for an hour.
Ex. 2 I should have walked yesterday.
Give the common helping (auxiliary) verbs.
The common helping verbs are:
am, are, is, was, were, be, being, been
have, has, had,
do, does, did,
may, might, must,
can, could,
will, would,
shall, should, ought
Give the first three English verb tenses and an example of each using I walk.
The first three English verb tenses are present, past, and future.
Ex. Present Tense - I walk
Past Tense - I walked
Future Tense - I will walk
What is the best way to find the subject of a sentence?
Locate the verb and ask the question who or what before the verb.
Give an example of a word that can be used as more than one part of speech.
Total can be used as a noun, verb, or adjective.
Ex. 1 The total is one hundred. (noun)
Ex. 2 I will total the score. (verb)
Ex. 3 It was a total disaster.
What is the difference between the simple subject and the complete subject? Give examples.
a. The simple subject is the principal word the sentence is about.
Ex. The best class in school is grammar.
Simple subject: class
Ex. The best class in school is grammar.
Complete subject: The best class in school
What is the difference between the simple predicate and the complete predicate?
a. The simple predicate is the verb, including helping verbs.
Ex. John is learning Latin in school.
simple predicate: is learning.
Ex. John is learning Latin in school.
complete predicate: is learning Latin in school
Give an example of a compound subject and a compound verb.
Ex. 1 Compound subject:
Fern and Avery went to bed early the night before the County Fair.
Ex. 2 Compound verb:
Wilbur stared back at the crowd and tried to look his best.
What are the principal parts of a verb?
The principal parts are the four basic forms of the verb.
Give the names of the four principal parts of an English verb with examples using the verb walk.
the infinitive to walk
the present participle walking
the past tense walked
the past particple have walked
What is the infinitive? Give examples.
The infinitive is the dictionary form of the verb preceded by the word to. The infinitive usually functions as a noun.
Ex. 1 Mary wants to learn Latin.
Ex. 2 To be or not to be, that is the question. To die, to sleep, to dream.
What is a participle? What are the two forms? Give examples .
A participle is an adjective formed from a verb (verbal adjective). the two participles are the present participle and the past participle.
Ex. 1 Present Participle:
The conquering Gauls stormed the gates of Rome.
Ex. 2 Past Participle:
The conquered Gauls surrendered to Caesar.
How is the present participle formed?
The present participle is formed by adding ing to the dictionary form.
How is the past participle formed?
The regular past particple is formed by adding d or ed to the dictionary form.
What is a regular verb?
A regular verb is one that forms its past and past participle by adding d or ed to the dictionary form.
Ex.I walk, I walked, I have walked.
What is an irregular verb?
An irregular verb is one that does not form its past and past participle by adding d or ed to the dictionary form.
Ex.I see, I saw, I have seen
Give the principal parts of the regular verbs live, play, look, and learn.
to live living lived have lived
to play playing played have played
to look looking looked have looked
to learn learning learned have learned
Give the principal parts of the irregular verbs see, write, come, do, fly and go.
to see seeing saw have seen
to write writing wrote have written
to come coming came have come
to do doing did have done
to fly flying flew have flown
to go going gone have gone
What are the names of the six Engllish tenses?
Present, Past, Future, Present Perfect, Past Perfect, and Future Perfect
Give the first person singular of the six English verb tenses using the verb walk.
Present I walk (he, she, it walks)
Past I walked
Future I will walk
Present Perfect I have walked (he has walked)
Past Perfect I had walked
Future Perfect I will have walked
What are the two main aspects of English verbs?
English verbs have progressive and emphatic forms.
What is the progressive verb form?
The progressive verb form shows continuous action and consists of the present participle with forms of the to be verb as helping verbs.
Give the progressive forms for the first person singular of the six English verb tenses using the verb walk.
Present I am walking
Past I was walking
Future I will be walking
Present Perfect I have been walking
Past Perfect I had been walking
Future Perfect I will have been walking
What is the emphatic form? Give examples.
The emphatic form shows emphasis or unusual stress. It is found in only two tenses, the present and past. It uses the helping verbs do, does, or did.
Ex. 1 Present Emphatic - I do walk (he, she, it does)
Ex. 2 Past Emphatic - I did walk
What are the two ways the words of a verb phrase can be separated? Give examples.
a. The subject is placed between the helping verb and the main verb and questions.
Ex.IsWilburwalking?DoesWilburwalk?
b. An adverb can be placed between the helping verb and the main verb.
Ex. Wilbur is not walking. Wilbur is always walking.
Give eight words that are always adverbs and often interrupt a verb phrase.
ever, never, not, almost, always, hardly, scarecely, seldom
What are the two types of direct questions?
The two types of direct questions are questions introduced by question words and yes/no questions.
How do you form a yes or no question? Give an example.
To form a yes/no question, put a helping verb first.
Ex. He likes Latin
Does he like Latin? Is he liking Latin? Did he like Latin?
What are the six common question words?
The six common question words are who, what, when, where, why, how.
What is a sentence complement? Give the four complements.
A complement is one or more words in the predicate that complete the meaning of the subject and verb. The four complements are predicate nominative, predicate adjective, direct object, and indirect object.
What parts of speech are NOT complements?
Adverbs and prepositional phrases are not complements.
Define predicate nominative. Give an example.
A predicate nominative is a noun or pronoun that follows a linkin verb and renames the subject.
Ex. Wilbur is a pig.
Define predicate adjective. Give an example.
A predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a linking verb and modifies the subject.
Ex. Wilbur is tired.
What question does the predicate nominative or predicate adjective answer?
The predicate nominative or adjective answers the question what or who after a linking verb.
What is a linking verb?
A linking verb connects the subject with a noun or ajdective in the predicate. It shows being, not action.
What is the most common linking verb?
The to be verb is the most common linking verb.
Forms of the to be verb may be used as linking or helping verbs. Give an example of each.
Ex. 1 Wilbur is a pig. (linking verb)
Ex. 2 Wilbur is walking to the barn (heping verb for main verb, walking)
What verbs in addition to the to be verb can be linking verbs?
appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem smell, sound, stay, taste
Use smell as an action verb and a linking verb.
Jane smells the rose. (action verb)
The rose smells wonderful. (linking verb)
Define direct object. Give an example.
A direct object is a noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb.
Ex. The magister teaches Latin.
What question does a direct object answer?
The direct object answers the question what or whom after an action verb.
What is a complementary infinitive? Give an example.
A complementary infinitive is an infinitive used as a direct object.
Ex. Wilbur loves to learn. Wilbur wants to eat.
What is an indirect object? Give an example.
An indirect object precedes the direct object and tells to whom or for whom the action of the verb is done.
Ex. 1 The magister teaches me Latin.
Ex. 2 The magister gives John a test.
What kind of verbs usually have indirect objects?
Giving and telling verbs usually have indirect objects.
Give five difficulties in finding the subject, with examples.
a. When sentences express a command or request, the subject is always you.
Ex. Study your Latin
(You) study your Latin.
b. To find a subject in a question, turn the question into a statement.
Ex. What lesson did you study?
You did study what lesson?
subect: you verb: did study
c. The subject of a sentence is never a propositional phrase.
Ex. Neither of the students studied his Latin.
Neither is the subject. Students is the object of the preposition of.
d. Here is not usually the subject of a verb.
Ex. Here is the book.
The book is here.
Here is an adverb telling where. Book is the subject of the verb is.
e. The expletives there and it are not usually subjects of a verb.
Ex. 1 There are books on both tables.
Books are on both tables.
Books is the subject of the verb are. There gets the sentence started.
Ex. 2 It is important to study Latin.
To study Latin is important.
To study is the subject of the verb is. It gets the sentence started.
Give the eight kinds of pronouns in pairs.
Personal and Possessive
Intensive and Reflexive
Relative and Interrogative
Demonstrative and Indefinite
Many pronouns can also function as what part of speech?
Many pronouns also function as adjectives.
Give the pronoun forms of the possessive pronoun.
mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs
Give the adjective forms of the possessive pronouns.
my, your, his, her, its, our, your their
What is a transitive verb? Give examples.
A transitive verb requires a direct object to complete its meaning.
Ex. 1 John ignored the insult.
Ex. 2 John completed his lesson.
What is an intransitive verb? Give examples.
An intransitive verb does not require a direct object to complete its meaning.
Ex. sleep, laugh, look die, and the to be verb are always intransitive.
Many verbs can be used both transitively and intransitively. Give examples.
Ex. 1 I eat pizza. transitive, pizza is a direct object.
Ex. 2 I eat every day. intransitive, every day is an adverb, not a direct object.
What is the difference between the active and passive voice?
In the active voice, the subject performs the action of the verb. In the passive voice, the subject receives the action of the verb.
Change a sentence from active to passive voice.
Caesar conquered the Gauls. (active)
The Gauls were conquered by Caesar. (passive)
When is the passive voice used? Give an example.
The passive voice is used when the doer of the action is unknown, concealed, or less important than the receiver of the action.
Ex. 1 The cookies were taken from the cookie jar.
Ex. 2 Rome was not built in a day.
Give examples of nouns used as adverbs.
Ex. 1 I walked yesterday.
Ex. 2 I will walk Sunday.
What is a common way of forming adverbs? Give an example.
Many adverbs are formed by adding ly to an adjective.
Ex. slow (adjective) He is slow.
Ex. slowly (adverb) He walks slowly.
Adverbs of degree modify adjectives and other adverbs. Give examples.
very, so, too, really, rather, quite, especially
Ex. 1 Charlotte is very loyal. very modifies the adjective loyal.
Ex. 2 Wilbur walks quite slowly. quite modifies the adverb slowly.
What is a conjunction?
A conjunction is a word that joins words, phrases, or clauses.
What are the three kinds of conjunctions?
The three kinds of conjunctions are coordinating, correlative, and subordinating conjunctions.
What are coordinating conjunctions?
The coordinating conjunctions join words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance. The coordinating conjunctions can be remembered by the acronym FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
What are correlative conjunctions? Give examples.
The correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance.
either … or neither … nor
both … and not only … but (also)
whether … or
