Booklet A Flashcards
What are the 6 physical life stages?
Infancy (0-2 years)
Early Childhood (3-8 years)
Adolescence (9-18 years)
Early Adulthood (19-45 years)
Middle Adulthood (46-65 years)
Later Adulthood (65+)
What is the definition of growth?
A variable across different parts of the body that is an increase in some measured quantity such as height.
What is the definition of development?
Complex changes that follow an orderly sequence including an increase in skills
What is the definition of milestone?
An ability achieved by most children by a certain age i.e walking
What are gross motor skills?
Large movements that involve the use of larger muscles in the body i.e walking
What are fine motor skills?
Smaller movements that require precise direction and involve smaller muscles i.e picking up a pencil
What is the palmar grasp?
When an object is placed in the infants hand and strokes their palm, the fingers will close and they will grasp it.
What is the pincer grasp?
The usage of the index finger and thumb to pick up small objects
What is the tripod grasp?
It uses the thumb, index and middle finger and is the most functional grasp for gaining good pencil skills.
What is the tripod grasp?
It uses the thumb, index and middle finger and is the most functional grasp for gaining good pencil skills.
Define adolescence
An important status change following the onset of puberty during which a young person develops from a child to an adult
Define puberty
A period of rapid growth during which young people reach sexual maturity and become biologically able to reproduce
Define puberty
A period of rapid growth during which young people reach sexual maturity and become biologically able to reproduce
Define what hormones are
Chemical substances produced in the body that are transported into the blood stream to control body cells/organs
Define what hormones are
Chemical substances produced in the body that are transported into the blood stream to control body cells/organs
Define primary and secondary sexual characteristics
Primary Sexual Characteristics:
Changes and development of reproductive organs
Secondary Sexual Characteristics:
Outward/External signs of development
What are primary and secondary sexual characteristics for females?
Primary:
- The uterus enlarges and the vagina lengthens
- The ovaries begin to release eggs
- The menstrual cycle commences
Secondary:
- Breasts develop and the areola swells/darkens
- Hair grows in armpits and pubic area
- Redistribution of body fat
What are primary and secondary sexual characteristics for males?
Primary:
- Enlargement of penis and testes
- Spontaneous erections (causes by blood flowing into chambers of penis)
- The testicles begin to produce spermatozoa, beginning of ejaculation
Secondary:
- Changes in larynx causing voice to deepen
- Hair growth in armpits, pubic area and facial hair
- Redistribution of muscle tissue and fat
What are the female hormones and what do they do?
Oestrogen + Progesterone produced by the ovaries which are responsible for changes including ovulation and menstruation. (+ A females first period indicates the onset of fertility)
What are the male hormones and what do they do?
The male hormone is testosterone which is produced by the testes and stimulates sperm production. It is also responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics.
What is maturity?
To have fully developed and physically grown (physically, intellectually, emotionally and socially)
What examples of maturity have people in early adulthood reached?
- Physical strength and stamina at its peak
- Sexual characteristics are fully developed
- Hand eye coordination is at its peak
- Women are at their most fertile and can become pregnant and lactate
- Full height is reached
- Reaction time is quickest
What are some positive changes that occur during middle adulthood?
- Increased freedom as children leave home
- Early retirement
- Grandchildren
- Social life
What are some negative changes that occur during middle adulthood?
- Physical impacts of the perimenopause/menopause
- Bereavement
- Appearance (wrinkles, grey hair, hair loss)
- Age related illness
What are the effects of the ageing process in middle adulthood?
- Increased weight/waistline
- Loss of skin elasticity
- Loss of muscle tone/strength/stamina
- Thinning of hair
Effects of ageing in later adulthood?
- Reduction in hearing/vision
- Weaker bones
- Cardiovascular diseases
- Decline in organ performance
What is the deterioration of health in later adulthood
Changes in body systems and organs could result in diseases.
What is the deterioration of intellectual abilities in later adulthood
Mild cognitive impairment i.e parkinson’s/alzheimer’s
What are the 5 important aspects associated with intellectual development?
- Language Development:
Essential for organising thoughts, sharing and expressing ideas. - Problem Solving:
Required for working things out and making predictions. - Memory:
Required for storing, recalling and retrieving information. - Moral Development:
Allows for reasoning, making choices and informing an individual of how to act in particular circumstances. - Abstract Thoughts and Creative Thinking:
Essential for thinking and discussing situations that cannot be observed.
What are the stages of intellectual development across the lifespan?
Infancy and Early Childhood:
Stages of rapid intellectual development
Adolescence to Early Adulthood:
Development of logical thought, problem solving and memory recall skills
Middle Adulthood:
Can think through problems and make sound judgments using life experiences
Later Adulthood:
Changes in the brain can cause short-term memory decline. Slower thought processes and reaction times
What are the intellectual milestones from 0-8 years?
Birth - Can use all senses to help understand the world around them
At 3 Years - Can ask questions, count, recognise colours and sort objects
At 5 Years - Starting to read, write and draw in detail, can talk about past and future
At 8 Years - Can think more deeply, reason, talk about abstract ideas and plans
What are the intellectual milestones from 0-8 years?
Birth - Can use all senses to help understand the world around them
At 3 Years - Can ask questions, count, recognise colours and sort objects
At 5 Years - Starting to read, write and draw in detail, can talk about past and future
At 8 Years - Can think more deeply, reason, talk about abstract ideas and plans
Define object permanence
The idea that an object still exists, even if the child cannot see it
Define abstract logical thinking
The ability to solve problems using imagination without having to be involved practically.
Define egocentric thinking
Not being able to see a situation from another persons perspective
Define concrete logical thinking
The ability to solve problems providing the individual can see or physically handle the issues involved
What are the 4 stages of cognitive development according to Piaget?
- Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
- Preoperational (2-7 years)
- Concrete Operational (7-11 years)
- Formal Operational (11-18 years)
What occurs in the stage of sensorimotor and what activities promote this?
. Interact with world using their senses
. They learn through trial and error
. Babies do not have ways of remembering these things until 18 months
. Object permanence develops about 8 months
Activities:
- Peekaboo
- Children should play with toys that make noises
What occurs in the preoperational stage and what activities promote this?
. Development of language
. Make-believe play takes place
. Do not understand how to conserve
. Child’s thinking is egocentric
. Parallel Play
Activities:
- Playing dress up/house
- Play with toys that change shape
What occurs in the concrete operational stage and what activities promote this?
. Children develop the ability to conserve
. Are less egocentric
. Better understanding of logic (concrete logical thinking)
Activities:
- Simple experiments to manipulate objects
- Problem solving activities
- Read books with limited number of characters
- Group work
What occurs in the formal operational stage and what activities promote this?
. Developed abstract thinking
Activities:
- Teach broad concepts rather than just facts
- Write stories on hypothetical topics
What is the theory of conservation and give an example of a test to support this
The theory of conservation means something’s appearance changes but the quantity stays the same, young children however, believe the quantity has changed.
Tall glass test:
Moving liquid from a large/wide container to a tall/slim container
What are schemas?
A schema is a category of knowledge as well as a process of acquiring knowledge.
What is the process of schemas?
A child develops concepts about the world (equilibrium), when the experience situations where new information is presented, their schemas become upset (disequilibrium) the new information becomes accommodated and the original schema is modified and the child reaches a state of equilibrium again.
Provide positives and negatives of Piagets theory
P - Influenced early education
P - Considers nature and nurture
P- Piaget’s ideas have stimulated further research increasingly knowledge of child cognitive development
N - Based his whole theory on observations on a small number of children
N - Stages of development are too fluid
N - Different Research suggests that children take longer than 11 years to become skilled at abstract logical thinking
What is Chomsky’s Model of Language Acquisition?
Chomsky believed that the ability to develop language is genetically programmed.
“Chomsky believed that children need to be trained in order to speak” True or False?
False
- Chomsky believed that children do not need to be trained in order to speak fluently
Provide positives and negatives about Chomsky’s theory of Language Acquisition
P - Children learning to speak never make grammatical errors
P - If an adult says a grammatically incorrect sentence, the child will notice
P - Children go through the same stages of language acquisition at similar times regardless of language spoken
N - Lack of scientific evidence
N - BRUNER argues that social interaction is critical and has far more influence than Chomsky suggests
N - Chomsky did not take into consideration children who experience delayed language development
How does thinking change in Early to Middle Adulthood (19-64 years)?
Thinking becomes realistic and pragmatic (sensible and practical), they are likely to be in job roles that require them to think through problems and make decisions, sometimes relating to complex situations.
Why does memory loss occur in Later Adulthood (65+)?
Physiological changes that cause malfunctions in the way the brain functions.
Define emotional literacy
The ability to recognise, understand and appropriately express emotions.
Define empathy
The ability to identify with or understand another’s situation or feelings
Define attachment
A strong emotional connection between a child and caregiver
Define self-concept
A combination of self-esteem and self-image
Define self-image
The way an individual sees themselves.
Define self-esteem
How a person feels about themselves
Name the key features of emotional development
Infancy (0-2 years): Attachment
Early Childhood (3-8 years): Understanding self and others
Adolescence (9-18 years): Identity
Early and Middle Adulthood (19-64 years): Intimacy
Later Adulthood (65+ years): Making sense of life
What is Bowlby’s theory of attachment?
- Bowlby believes that children are biologically pre-programmed to form attachments and suggested a critical period of 2.5 years in which children must form an attachment.
- Bowlby observed that children experience separation anxiety that would not disappear when separated from their mothers
- Bowlby believed that if maternal deprivation occurs in the critical period, a child may face problems in their life i.e affectionless psychopathy, criminality
Does Bowlby’s theory of attachment favour nurture or nature?
Nature
What is Rutter’s theory of attachment.
- Rutter contradicts Bowlby and says that maternal deprivation may not result in as many problems as privation will cause
Does Rutter’s theory of attachment favour nature or nurture?
Nurture
What is the difference between privation and deprivation?
Deprivation:
When you had an attachment and it is lost.
Privation:
Where a child has never made an attachment.
What is Schaffer and Emerson’s theory of attachment?
- Babies are likely to form attachments to caregivers who respond effectively to their signals (sensitive responsiveness)
What are Schaffer and Emerson’s 4 stages of attachment?
- Preattachment (Birth - 3 months)
From 6 weeks infants respond indiscriminately to any caregiver. - Indiscriminate Attachment Phase (3 - 7 months)
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people. - Discriminate Attachment Phase (7 - 9 months)
Infants begin to show stranger anxiety and form specific attachments with particular people. - Multiple Attachment (9 months)
Infants form strong emotional ties with major caregivers, the fear of strangers weakens but attachment to the main caregiver remains strongest.
What was Ainsworth’s theory of attachment?
Parenting is one of the most important factors affecting children’s development.
What 3 attachment styles did Mary Ainsworth discover?
- Secure Attachment
- Insecure Avoidant
- Insecure Resistant
What are the parenting styles and infant behaviours of Ainsworth’s child attachment types?
Secure:
Parenting style -
. Understand the child and their emotions and respond to their needs
Infants behaviour -
. Will show distress: when primary caregiver leaves and greets them when they return
. Seeks comfort from caregiver when upset
. Happy with strangers when caregiver is present
Insecure/ avoidant:
Parenting style -
. Unavailable to child/rejects them
. Does not respond to their needs
Infants behaviour -
. Does not show distress when primary caregiver leaves
. Continues to explore the environment
. May go to stranger for comfort
Insecure/resistant:
Parenting style -
. Inconsistent in meeting the child’s needs
Infants behaviour -
. Shows distress when primary caregiver leaves
. Resists contact on their return
. Shows anxiety and insecurity
What are the effects of a positive self-esteem?
- Easier time in relationships
- Resist peer pressure
- Easier time making friends
- Easier time handling conflicts
- Optimism
What are the effects of a negative self-esteem?
- Children may become passive and withdrawn
- Depression
- Self critical
- Experience difficulties at school
- Easily frustrated and see temporary problems as permanent issues
- Suicidal thoughts
- Poor body image
What is a positive self-image in a child caused by?
Positive reinforcement from parents i.e positive comments about a child’s appearance, positive reactions to grades
What occurs when a child has a negative self-image?
The media portray an ideal image of female and male figures in advertisements, thus causing eating disorders, psychological problems, anxiety and depression.
Define social development
Learning how to interact socially with other individuals
What are the 3 stages of play in Infancy/Early Childhood (0-8 years)?
- Solo Play
- Parallel Play
- Co-operative Play
What does solo play involve?
- Begins in infancy
- Provides infants with a variety of learning opportunities
- It supports infants in focusing their attention
- Teaches self-reliance
- Increases self-esteem
What does parallel play involve?
- Between ages of 2-3 years
- Children play alongside each other but not with each other
- Little interaction with each other as children are engrossed in their own independent activities
- Like to be in the presence of adults and other children
What does co-operative play involve?
- Between ages of 3 - 8 years
- Children widen their social network
- Form relationships with peers/other adults
- Playing together with other children
- Sharing toys and taking turns in games
What are the socially practical and emotional benefits of friendship?
Practical:
. Friends can help with traumatic life events
. Friends can help maintain a healthy lifestyle
Emotional:
. Friends can help people avoid loneliness
. Friends can provide a sense of belonging, self-worth and self-confidence
What is an informal relationship?
- These develop within families and significant people in an individual’s life
- Promote positive self-concept
- Develop intimate relationships that show mutual respect
What is a formal relationship?
- Formed between people who are not related
- Do not involve emotional attachments
- Important for social development
How do infants and children develop independence?
. Young people assert their need to become independent and attempt to do more for themselves
. Children become less reliant on close family
. Develop clear likes and dislikes
. Food choices
. Clothing choices
How do adolescents develop independence?
- Young people question their sense of identity
- May begin to question familial values
- Influenced by peer group norms and values
- Young people learn from real life experiences about the consequences of making good or poor choices
How can starting employment promote independence?
Starting employment is an important transition and is effectively the first step into an adult world as their status changes from learner to employed worker.
How does leaving home promote independence?
Moving out of the family home represents a major transitional event, which bears burdens of responsibility i.e lower standards of living, self-reliance, juggling household chores with work and managing household bills.
How does starting a family promote independence?
- Provide a sense of identity
- Feelings of achievement
- Lifestyle changes and sometimes financial difficulties
- Financial and emotional independence
How does independence occur in Middle Adulthood (46 - 65 years)
- Fewer family responsibilities
- Individuals are more likely to reach the peak of their career
- Individuals begin to establish different social networks
How does independence occur in Later Adulthood (66+ years)
- Busy social life after retirement
- IT skill development
- Independence may deteriorate and individuals may have to rely on others for care both physically and emotionally
Define menopause
A females fertility comes to an end and the menstruation ends as there is a reduction in the production of sex hormones.
What are the effects of the menopause?
- Irregular menstrual cycle
- Less likely to conceive
- Irritability, hot flushes, night sweats
- Loss of libido, vaginal dryness
- Disturbed sleep patterns
How does the body physically change to prepare for lactation?
The areolas (area around the nipple) darken and breasts become more sensitive and tender to prepare the breasts to produce breast milk.
What are the physical effects of pregnancy?
- Increase in weight
- Swollen feet
- Cravings
- Food aversions
