Booklet 4, Establishing and ruling the new Federal Republic Flashcards
(Creation of FRG and impact of New Constitution)
West Germany :
- ____________ Republic of Germany (FRG).
- Capital : B________.
- Member of NATO from 195___.
(Made up of…)
East Germany :
- German ______________ Republic (GDR)
- Capital : …
- Member of the _______________ Pact from 195____.
West Germany :
- Federal Republic of Germany (FRG).
- Capital : Bonn.
- Member of NATO from 1955.
(Made up of USA, Britain and France).
East Germany :
- German Democratic Republic (GDR).
- Capital : East of Berlin.
- Member of the Warsaw Pact from 1955.
(Creation of FRG and impact of New Constitution)
- Towards end of WW2, the allies (…) met to decide the…
- The purpose was to…
- G was divided into ___ sections, controlled by… and Berlin was also split along… with the USSR controlling the ________ of the city and the other allies…
- The Western allies were wary of punishing G too harshly since the Treaty of V____________ (191___) had destabilised…
- Towards end of WW2, the allies (Britain, USA and USSR) met to decide the fate of G at two conferences, Yalta and Potsdam.
- The purpose was to ‘destroy German militarism and Nazism and ensure that G will never again be able to disturb the peace of the world’.
- G divided into 4 sections, controlled by Britain, USA, USSR and France, and Berlin was also split along the same lines, but with the USSR controlling the east of the city and other allies splitting the Western part of the city between then.
- The Western allies were wary of punishing G too harshly since the Treaty of Versailles (1919) had destabilised Germany’s previous attempt at a democracy.
(Creation of FRG and impact of New Constitution)
- The allies agreed to allow free ________________ to take place following the _____________ Conference but it was clear __________ wasn’t going to follow this as he wanted to ensure…
- Even before the before the F, US and B zones were united into one region in _______ 1948, significant political…
- The ________________ zone had moved the fastest in establishing democracy, in _________________ 194___, Germans in the _______ zone were able to vote in… and in _________ 1946, they could vote in town and country elections.
- The allies agreed to allow free elections to take place following the Potsdam Conference but it was clear Stalin wasn’t going to follow this as he wanted to ensure Communist governments (or those sympathetic to Communists) took charge in the countries between the USSR and G.
- Even before the F, US and B zones were united into one region in April 1948, significant political resructing had already taken place in West Germany.
- The American zone had moved the fastest in establishing democracy, in January 1946, Germans in the USA’s zone were able to vote in local elections and in March 1946, they could vote in town and country elections.
(Creation of FRG and impact of New Constitution)
- Americans also created new ___________ (regional parliaments) for their zone and held ________________ for these in _________ 194____. Elections for ____________ in the F and B zones took place in ________ 194____.
- The _____________ zones were therefore considerably different from…
- In 194____, following the ________________ Plan agreement ($____ billion given by US), ministers in the ________ were instructed to design a…
- Americans also created new Länder (regional parliaments) for their zone and held elections for these in June 1946. Elections for Länder in the F and B zones took place in May 1947.
- The Western zones were therefore considerably different from the eastern areas.
- In 1948, following the Marshall Plan agreement ($17 billion given by US), ministers in the FRG were instructed to design a new constitution.
(Yalta & Potsdam Conferences)
- Yalta, _______________ 1945.
- (Agreement) Setting up of ______________ _____________ (____); Russia was invited.
- (Agreement) International War Tribunal to put the __________ war criminals on _______.
- (Agreement) __________ agreed to enter war against ____________, in return R would receive territory.
- (Tensions) S___________ wanted G to pay _________ reparations, these demands ignored.
- (Tensions) USSR wanted to extend the _________ border too far West for _____________ allies.
- (Tensions) Stalin disregarded calls for free ______________ and arrested…
- (Tensions) USSR forced Germans to sell __________ & raw _______________ to Soviet Union and some G ______________ dismantled & moved to ____________.
- Yalta, February 1945.
- (Agreement) Setting up of United Nations (UN); Russia was invited.
- (Agreement) International War Tribunal to put the Nazi war criminals on trial.
- (Agreement) Russia agreed to enter war against Japan, in return R would receive territory.
- (Tensions) Stalin wanted G to pay USSR reparations, these demands ignored.
- (Tensions) USSR wanted to extend the Polish border too far West for Western allies.
- (Tensions) Stalin disregarded calls for free elections and arrested non-communists.
- (Tensions) USSR forced Germans to sell food and raw materials to Soviet Union and some G factories dismantled and moved to USSR.
(Yalta & Potsdam Conferences)
- Potsdam, ________-____________ 194___.
- (Agreement) New ________________ agreed, (O__________-__________ rivers formed border between…).
- (Agreement) Nazi party was to be ____________ in G, legal trials at ______________ of ____ Nazi leaders.
- (Agreement) Allies agreed to participate fully in the…
(Agreement) Democracy re-established, free _________ and freedom of ____________, also de______________.
- (Tensions) Reparations, ___________ still demanded more than the US or GB.
- (Tensions) Stalin was suspicious about why __________ wanted to protect G &…
- (Tensions) Poland : Stalin set up ______________ government in ____________, US and GB suspicious of Stalin’s intentions in this.
- (Tensions) Stalin not allowed a _________ base in __________________.
- Potsdam, July-August 1945.
- (Agreement) New boundaries agreed, (Oder-Niesse rivers formed border between Germany & Poland).
- (Agreement) Nazi party was to be banned in G, legal trials at Nuremberg of 21 Nazi leaders.
- (Agreement) Allies agreed to participate fully in the UN.
- (Agreement) Democracy re-established, free press and freedom of speech, also demilitarisation.
- (Tensions) Reparations, Stalin demanded more than the US or GB.
- (Tensions) Stalin was suspicious about why West wanted to protect G & help it recover.
- Stalin set up communist government in Poland, US and GB suspicious of Stalin’s intentions in this.
- (Tensions) Stalin not allowed a naval base in Mediterranean.
(Creation of FRG and impact of New Constitution)
- The two main parties in the elections of 194___-___ were the SPD, led by S_______________ and the newly created C________________ D_______________ Union (CDU) led by A________________.
- CDU was a conglomeration of supporters of the old ___________ Party, German ________________ and populists.
- It differed from the ___________ Party (which still existed) by representing both Catholics and _________________ middle-class voters in North & South.
- The CDU were a confederation of differing…
- Socialist Party of Germany (SPD) were the same party that existed in _______________ and had been persecuted by the __________.
- SPD continued to represent ____________ views and were more ____________ and centrally directed than the CDU.
- The two main parties in the elections of 1946-47 were the SPD led by Schumacher and the newly created Christian Democratic Union (CDU), led by Adenauer.
- CDU was a conglomeration of supporters of the old Centre Part, German nationalists and populists.
- It differed from the Centre Party (which still existed) by representing both Catholics and Protestant middle-class voters in the North & South.
- CDU were a confederation of differing political groups who were keen to work together towards a common vision for Germany.
- Socialist Party of Germany (SPD) were the same party that existed in Weimar and had been persecuted by the Nazis.
- SPD continued to represent workers’ views and were more unified and centrally directed than the CDU.
(New German Constitution of the FRG)
- Known as the…
- PRESIDENT :
- Elected by state ________________, (not via…).
- Influence was severely…
- Had no control over the…
- He had no influence over…
- Kept him because he’s a…
- BUNDESTAG :
- Germany became a fully ______________ state with a government setting laws for the…
- Parties had to gain at least ___% of the vote to take their seats in the Bundestag to avoid…
- Set federal __________ (i.e. across the whole…).
- Change name to…
- ___% vote threshold, remove…
- Knowns as the Fundamental Law or Basic Law.
- PRESIDENT :
- Elected by state representatives (not via a popular vote).
- Influence was severely limited compared to Weimar.
- Had no control over the military because this was disbanded following the end of the war (but by 1950 G has military again).
- He had no influence over Bundestag (Reichstag).
- Kept him because he acts as a figurehead.
- BUNDESTAG (Reichstag) :
- Germany became a fully federal state with a government setting laws for the country and Länder (state parliaments) controlling certain state laws.
- Parties had to gain at least 5% of the vote to take their seats in the Bundestag to avoid smaller (extremist) parties having influence.
- Set federal taxes (i.e. across the whole country).
- Change name to break away from past.
- 5% vote threshold, remove radical parties.
(New German Constitution of the FRG)
- GOVERNMENT : Chancellor and other ministers :
- Leader of the largest party or ______________ in the Bundestag was appointed ______________.
- Could be removed by a vote of no ________________ by the Bundestag only if a new… This was known as… to stop parties…
- Power of the article ____ removed and no ability to suspend the…
- Can never miss/not meet…
- ELECTIONS :
- Proportional representation used to elect… every ____ years.
- Men and women over ____ could vote.
- The electorate voted _________, once for a direct ____________________ for their electoral district and another for a… This aimed to connect…
- Aimed to prevent what happened with Nazi’s, where people…
- GOVERNMENT : Chancellor and other ministers :
- Leader of the largest party or coalition in the Bundestag was appointed chancellor.
- Could be removed by a vote of no confidence by the Bundestag only if a new chancellor had been elected by the Bundestag. This was known as ‘constructive vote of no confidence’ to stop parties using a VONC to cripple the functioning go the Bundestag.
- Power of Article 48 removed and no ability to suspend the Bundestag or change the constitution.
- Can never miss/not meet with Bundestag, ensures there’s not grey area, organised & stable.
- ELECTIONS :
- Proportional representation used to elect deputies to the Bundestag every four years.
- Men and women over 18 could vote.
- The electorate voted twice, once for a direct representative for their electoral district and another for a party list. This aimed to connect representatives to the people in a much clearer way.
- Aimed to prevent what happened with Nazi’s, where people distrusted parties for Wall Street crash, won’t turn to extremist parties if they feel represented.
(New German Constitution of the FRG)
- BUNDESRAT :
- Made up of representatives of the ______________ (…).
- Not directly elected but representatives were…
- _____________ erased as a state and the Länder were given more…
- If ________________ taxes affected the Länder, the Bundesrat had to…
- Taxes were…
- Länder had control over education and…
- Mutual power between…
- CIVIL SERVICE & JUDICIARY :
- Very similar to _____________ in that they were both…
- Judiciary acted as a…
- Constitutional court established to outlaw…
- WELFARE STATE :
- New Welfare state set up…
- BUNDESRAT :
- Made up of representatives of the Länder (state parliaments).
- Not directly elected but representatives were proportional to the population of each state.
- Prussia erased as a state and the Länder were given more powers than ever before to look after the people in their state.
- If federal taxes affected the Länder, the Bundesrat had to agree to them.
- Taxes were split between the government and the Länder.
- Länder had control over education and administration in their state.
- Mutual power between Bundestag & Bundesrat.
- CIVIL SERVICE & JUDICIARY :
- Very similar to Weimar in that they were both politically independent.
- Judiciary acted as a check and balance to the actions of the government.
- Constitutional court established to outlaw parties it thought were undemocratic in their ideology.
- WELFARE STATE :
- New Welfare state set up, similar to Weimar, e.g. sick pay, pensions & unemployment benefits.
(New German Constitution of the FRG, Question of Berlin)
- A tricky situation because the FRG only controlled the ________________ half of the city.
- Relations with USSR (who controlled _____________ half) were…
- FRG saw it as a politically provocative to claim…
- Berlin remained, in 194___, split between the ___ allied powers.
- ___________ Berliners were considered citizens of the… but…
- West Berlin wasn’t considered a _____________ and so didn’t have…
- ____ members of the Berlin ________________ (elected by WB citizens) did, however, sit in the ________________, but only as…
- A tricky situation because the FRG only controlled the Western half of the city.
- Relations with USSR (who controlled eastern half) were politically and militarily tense.
- FRG saw it as politically provocative to claim West Berlin as it was deep inside West Berlin since it was deep inside the GDR.
- Berlin remained, in 1949, split between the 4 allied powers.
- West Berliners were considered citizens of the FRG but couldn’t vote in federal elections.
- West Berlin wasn’t considered a Länder and so didn’t have state elections either.
- 22 members of the Berlin Assembly (elected by WB citizens) did, however, sit in the Bundestag, and 4 sat in the Bundesrat, but only as observers, and could note vote on laws.
(New German Constitution of the FRG, Question of Berlin)
- Whilst citizens of WB couldn’t vote in… they could join…
- This left the ________________ half of the city in a strange limbo with rather ambiguous…
- Citizens of WB did enjoy other _______ liberties of the FRG, however.
- WB had a local authority led by an… However, this _________ had to have the…
- West Berlin could __________ the federal laws enacted in the… famously doing so regarding… in the 19______s, but the…
- Whilst citizens of WB couldn’t vote in federal or Länder elections, they could join political parties and run in elections, albeit not as representatives of WB.
- This left the western half of the city in a strange limbo with rather ambiguous rules, all the while occupied by troops from the allied powers.
- Citizens of WB did enjoy other civil liberties of the FRG, however.
- WB had a local authority led by an elected mayor who governed the Western half of the city. However, this mayor had to have the approval of the Western occupying powers (USA, Britain & France).
- West Berlin could reject the federal laws enacted in the FRG, famously doing so regarding military conscription in the 1950s, but the majority of laws passed in the FRG also became law in West Berlin.
(Adenauer, Biography)
- He was the Mayor of _____________, impressively expanding it by founding the __________________ and expansion of…
- He was removed from Mayor position when…
- He opposed the…
- C____________.
- Elected as chancellor on ____th September 1949, remained for _____ years.
- Developed good relations with the ___________ during the ______________ war.
- His greatest political achievement was…
- Saved ______________ prisoners trapped in…
- Thought some retribution to…
- Did things like…
- He was the Mayor of Cologne, impressively expanding it by founding the University and expansion of harbour.
- He was removed from Mayor position when Nazis formed government in 1933.
- He opposed the Nazi’s.
- Catholic.
- Elected as chancellor on 15th September 1949, remained for 14 years.
- Developed good relations with the West during the Korean War.
- His greatest political achievement was Germany’s entry to NATO.
- Saved 10,000 prisoners trapped in Moscow.
- Thought some retribution to Jewish people would be good.
- Did things like social housing construction, Green Plan for agriculture and child benefits.
DEVELOPMENTS IN EAST WHOLE PAGE
doooooooo it 11:40 11/03/25
(Developments in East Germany, DO MORE, Creation of the SED)
- Due to its close links with the ________, the _______ faced a difficult task in gaining support from the population in EG, particularly given the extent of…
- Many Germans believed the anti-….
- The _______ was therefore unable to win as much support as the popular _______, which remained the largest…
- Due to its close links with the USSR, the KPD (communist) faced a difficult task in gaining support from the population in EG, particularly given the extent of rape and looting carried out by Soviet soldiers following the end of WW2.
- Many Germans believed the anti-Communist propaganda from Nazi Germany.
- The KPD was therefore unable to win as much support as the popular SPD, which remained the largest party.
(Developments in East Germany, DO MORE, Creation of the SED)
- The _______ faced intense pressure from 194___-___ to merge with the ______ to form the _______, and on _______ ____nd 184___, the formal merger between the two parties took place.
- Following day, the SED newspaper, N_________ D_______________, was published for the first time.
- Some historians believe the merging was actually a response to the failure of both parties during _______________, where the failure of…
- The SPD faced intense pressure from 1945-46 to merge with the KPD to form the SED, and on April 22nd 1846, the gformal merger between the two parties took place.
- Following day, the SED newspaper Neues Deutschland was published for the first time.
- Some believe the merging was actually a response to the failure of both parties during Weimar where the failure of the SPD & KPD to work together helped the Nazis come to power in 1933.
(Importance of Adenauer and the CDU in shaping the FRG)
- The ________ was popular with the ______________ occupying powers because of its…
- The economic programme of E_________ (minister for economics) meant that GNP __________ during the 19_____s.
- Using ________________ Aid money ($____ billion in 194____), WG moved to an advanced economy based on…
- Adenauer was opposed to East Germany and a ________________ that would require…
- This ensured the ______ received large support from the _____________ church because it was seen as…
- Support from Catholics was crucial because ____% of WG were Catholics, as opposed to ____% in the pre-1945 united Germany.
- The CDU was popular with the Western occupying powers because of its strong economic policies and its anti-communist stance.
- Economic programme of Erhard (minister for economics) meant that GNP trebled during the 1950s (good for A as he elected him, good economy is likely why CDU won so many elections).
- Using Marshall Aid money ($17 billion in 1948), WG moved to an advanced economy based on electronics, cars, banking and education.
- Adenauer was opposed to EG and a reunification that would require compromise with the Communists SED.
- This ensure the CDU received large support from the Catholic church because it was seen as a strong barrier against communism, (CDU was only religious party).
- Support from Catholics was crucial because 45% of WG were Catholics, as opposed to 30% in the pre-1945 united Germany (a reason why people may have voted for him).
(Importance of Adenauer and the CDU in shaping the FRG)
- In the 1st election in the FRG, on ___th _____________ 194___, the _______ was victorious over the ______ with _____% compared to _____.__%, (very close).
- Main issue of election was over _____________ policy with the _______ proposing socialist, ________________-controlled economic system in contrast to CDU’s…
- CDU formed a coalition with the ___________ ______________ Party and __________ Party which accounted for ________ of the ________ seats in the Bundestag.
- On ____th _________________ 194___, Adenauer was elected _________________ and remained in this post until 19_______.
- CDU remained in power until 196____, _________ became the first President of the FRG.
- In the 1st election in the FRG, on 14th August 1949, the CDU was victorious over the SPD with 31% compared to 29.2%.
- Main issue of election was over economic policy with the SPD proposing socialist, government-controlled economic system in contrast to CDU’s free-market based on ‘social market economy’.
- CDU formed a coalition with Free Democratic Party and the German Party which accounted for 208 of the 402 seats in the Bundestag.
- On 15th September 1949, Adenauer was elected chancellor and remained in this post until 1963.
- CDU remained in power until 1969, Heuss became the first president of FRG.
(Importance of Adenauer and the CDU in shaping the FRG)
- SPD leader, __________________, criticised Adenauer as leading a weak…
- Moreover, ________________ believed that Adenauer would become a ___________ of the USA since it was on the front line against…
- Despite this, the people of Germany seemed to prefer to throw their support behind…
- SPD leader, Schumacher, criticised Adenauer of leading a weak coalition, similar to those that had failed during the Weimar period.
- Moreover, Adenauer believed that Adenauer would become a puppet of the USA since it was on the front line against the Communist-controlled Eastern Europe.
- Despite this, the people of Germany seemed to prefer to throw their support behind Adenauer in the knowledge that he was pro-Western and pro-American.
(Importance of Adenauer and the CDU in shaping the FRG)
- Adenauer believed that the survival of WG and Europe lay in greater…
- The European _________ and _________ Community (ECSC) signed in 195____ combined heavy industry in lots of countries, e.g. _________, WG and I________ and H_________ into one common market.
- The European ________________ Community (EEC) signed in 195___ abolished _________ between member __________ and therefore improved…
- Adenauer’s ___________ policies in the 19_____s helped improve __________-ownership and access to…
- Real wages _____________ from 195___-6____.
- Despite this, women were discouraged from entering the _________________ and those that did work had jobs in… CDU wanted women to focus on…
- Adenauer believed that the survival of WG and Europe lay in greater economic and political cooperation.
- The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) signed in 1951 combined heavy industry in France, West Germany, Italy and Holland into one common market.
- The European Economic Community (EEC) signed in 1957 abolished tariffs between member states and therefore improved West Germany exports.
- Adenauer’s social policies in the 1950s helped improve homeownership and access to consumer goods.
- Real wages doubled from 1950-64.
- Despite this, women were discouraged from entering the workforce and those that did work had jobs in low income areas with low status. CDU wanted women to focus on family life.
(Importance of Adenauer and the CDU in shaping the FRG)
- Following the P______________ Agreement of ____nd November 194____, between the allies and chancellor of the FRG, West Germany had to maintain…
- However, during the _____________ War (195___-____), in which Communist _________ Korea invaded the ____________ South, Adenauer, fearing that __________ Germany might attempt a similar invasion, proposed the creation of an ________ army of _________________ men in 195___.
- Adenauer faced opposition from the _______, Germany’s ______________ and ___________ Unions.
- The people of West Germany, however, feared ____________________ aggression and supported A. This was shown in the election of 195_____ where the CDU won _____.___% (a ____% increase from 194___).
- Adenauer therefore had a mandate to push ahead with…
- Following the Petersburg Agreement of 22nd November, 1949, between the allies and the chancellor of the FRG, West Germany had to maintain demilitarisation and prevent the formation of the armed forces (not allowed army).
- However, during the Korean War (1950-53), in which Communist North Korea invaded the capitalist South, Adenauer, fearing that East Germany might attempt a similar invasion, proposed the creation of an FRG army of 150,000 men in 1950.
- Adenauer faced opposition from the SPD, Germany’s churches and Trade Unions.
- The people of West Germany, however, fearing Communist aggression and supported A. This was shown in the election of 1953, where the CDU won 45.2% (a 14% increase from 1949).
- Adenauer therefore had a mandate to push ahead with plans for an FRG army.
(Importance of Adenauer and the CDU in shaping the FRG)
- After much discussion and compromise (particularly involving __________), on ___th ________ 195___, the _____________ Treaty (or German Treaty) came into force which handed over control of…
- The FRG was able to have its own _____________ force and it became an important military and…
- It also meant that the FRG was crucial in the…
- After much discussion and compromise (particularly involving the French) on 5th May 1955, the General Treaty (or German Treaty) came into force which handed over control of foreign policy to the FRG within the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), A clearly had good diplomatic links, good leader?.
- The FRG was able to have its own military force and it became an important military and economic power as a result.
- It also meant that the FRG was crucial in the anti-Communist alliance of Cold War Europe.
(Hallstein Doctrine)
- Set up alongside West Germany’s joining _________ in 195__, this was a response to the USSR’s recognition of the…
- Prior to this, Adenauer had asserted that the FRG was the…
- The HD said that the diplomatic recognition of… (and now that…)
- Set up alongside West Germany’s joining NATO in 1955, this was a response to the USSR’s recognition of the GDR as a sovereign nation.
- Prior to this, Adenauer had asserted that the FRG was the ‘true’ Germany and the GDR was not legitimate.
- The HD said that the diplomatic recognition (e.g. recognise a trade deal) of the GDR by anyone other than the USSR was a hostile act against the FRG (and now that FRG was a member of NATO, this carried some clout, as in NATO, attacking one means all defend).
(Hallstein Doctrine, 195___)
- Also, it said no country could gain…
- The FRG hoped to…
- The HD was only ended in 197____ when the then-Chancellor, B________, agreed to recognise the…
- 1955
- Also, it said no country could gain financial assistance from the FRG if it recognised the GDR.
- The FRG hoped to financially isolate the GDR in the hope that the country would collapse and reunite with WG.
- The HD was only ended in 1972 when the then-Chancellor, Brandt, agreed to recognise the GDR in order to improve political relations.
(Hallstein Doctrine, 1955)
- The Doctrine referred to the GDR as a ‘_________’ rather than a ________, an illustration of how the…
- This placed the FRG & GDR as…
- In practice, HD meant the offers of _______________ assistance, technical or military expertise by the _______ to developing countries frequently produced…
- This often involved FRG diplomats travelling to remote areas of the world in order to…
- The Doctrine referred to the GDR as a ‘zone’ rather than a state, an illustration of how the FRG wanted to challenge the legitimacy of the east.
- This placed the FRG & GDR as firm enemies, meant that reunification of Germany wouldn’t take place for a long time.
- In practice, HD meant the offers of financial assistance, technical or military expertise by the GDR to developing countries frequently produced more generous counter offers by the FRG.
- This often involved FRG diplomats travelling to remote areas of the world in order to undermine the GDR’s attempts to develop relationship with countries in Africa, Asia and central and South America. Some countries used the tension between these two states to benefit them.
(CDU’s continued successes under Adenauer)
- In 195___, Germany had another election and the CDU became the first political party in German history to win an… with _____.___%.
- CDU campaigned with the slogan ‘_____ ________________!’ calling for the people of WG to stick with the party that had led the country successfully since…
- Adenauer had gained support from West Germany’s ‘____________ _______________’ and also because he had successfully negotiated the release of… in 195___, in return for…
- In 1957, Germany had another election and the CDU became the first political party in German history to win an overall majority with 50.2%.
- CDU campaigned with the slogan ‘No Experiments’; calling for the people of WG to stick with the party that had led the country successfully since the end of the war and not to risk the unknown by supporting the SPD.
- Adenauer had gained support from West Germany’s ‘economic miracle’ and also because he had successfully negotiated the release of 10,000 German prisoners of war from the USSR in 1955, in return for the FRG’s recognition of the USSR.
(CDU’s continued successes under Adenauer)
- Moreover, the _________________ Uprising in 195__ (a…) also increased support for Adenauer who was seen as to have the…
- It’s fair to say the _______ were rather weak in opposition and the SPD’s left-wing…
- Moreover, the Hungarian Uprising in 1956 (a protest against communist rule there) also increased support for Adenauer who was seen to have the support of USA and their military might.
- It’s fair to say the SPD were rather weak in opposition and the SPD’s left-wing policies made it easy for Adenauer to link them unfavourably with the GDR.
(CDU’s continued successes under Adenauer)
- Adenauer was successful because he seemed to be in the right… he was ‘…’ in addition to… which is what many…
- SPD’s posters had aspects that people may associate with… where as CDU’s…
- Adenauer was successful because he seemed to be in the right place at the right time for post-war Germany: he was ‘father-like’ in addition to being hierarchical and authoritative as a leader, which is what many Germans felt the country needed in a period of turmoil across Europe.
- SPD’s posters had aspects that people may associate with communism, e.g. red, where as CDU’s had A’s face, wrinkles showing he’s wise and experienced.
(Changes in the SPD and their significance in the FRG)
- Sc_______________ had spent ____ years in the…
- At the end of the war, he was the only…
- He refused to collaborate with the _____ (who had merged with SPD in _________ Germany to form the _____) and wanted to push the SPD in a…
- S_________________ was a nationalist who wanted German ___________________ and believed that the only way the SPD could win was to appeal to…
- Schumacher had spent 10 years in the Nazi concentration camp at Dachau due to his activities with the SPD (shows he’s a survivor, but might be too much of a reminder).
- At the end of the war, he was the only SPD politician alive who had neither fled nor Germany nor collaborated with the Nazis.
- He refused to collaborate with the KPD (communists), (who had merged with SPD in east Germany to form the SED) and wanted to push the SPD in a socialist but anti-communist direction.
- Schumacher was a nationalist who wanted German reunification and believed that the only way the SPD could win was to appeal to middle & working class, with a particular focus on economy (s usually focus on working class, so unusual).
(Changes in the SPD and their significance in the FRG)
- Schumacher argued that _____________________ was a puppet of the _______________ ___________ who wanted to exploit the… (may have bad outcome for S as _____% of population Catholic).
- He was a _________________ from __________ in contrast to Adenauer who was a _____________ from the __________________.
- SPD proposed a ‘_______________ economy’ in 194___ which would be controlled by… (bad for votes as it’s like…)
- This contrasted CDU’s…
- CDU was backed by the… where as…
- Schumacher suffered from ill-health due to his…
- Schumacher argued that Adenauer was a puppet of the Catholic Church who wanted to exploit the working class for economic profit (may have bad outcome for S as 45% of population Catholic).
- He was a Protestant from Prussia in contrast to A who was a Catholic from the Rhineland.
- SPD proposed a ‘planned economy’ in 1949 which would be controlled by central government, (bad for votes as it’s like Stalin’s ‘command economy’, this combined with poster evoke fear of SPD being communists).
- This contrasted CDU’s free market economy which had been in place since in 1945.
- CDU was backed by USA where as the SPD wasn’t.
- Schumacher suffered from ill-health due to his time spent in Daachau. He had his leg and arm amputated.
(Changes in the SPD and their significance in the FRG, under Schumacher)
- In 3 years following 194___, Schumacher and SPD opposed CDU’s key policies and ______’s integration with…
- Schumacher rejected the idea of a _______________ European ________________ integration, arguing that it would enforce a free…
- He argued instead that G could only integrate once it was fully __________, and even then, only if…
- For Schumacher, co-operation with _____________, Western Europe & _______ should be second to…
- In the 3 years following 1949, Schumacher and SPD opposed CDU’s key policies and FRG;s integration with Western Europe and NATO as it meant unification was more unlikely.
- Schumacher rejected the idea of a Western European Economic integration, arguing that it would enforce a free market capitalist economy across its member states.
- He argued instead that G could only integrate once it was fully unified, and even then, only if Western Europe was based on socialist values.
- For Schumacher, co-operation with France, Western Europe & USA should be second to working towards German reunification, (he therefore fought against A’s plans to create a FRG military).
(Changes in the SPD and their significance in the FRG, under Schumacher & Ollenhauer)
- Schumacher died on 195___ before a new election, by this time it was evident his…
- The successes of CDU’s economic model combined with the fear of _____________ Germany and backing for Adenauer’s ___________ policy had reduced the SPD’s support in _______.
- His replacement, O________________, wasn’t as strong of a… consequently, in the 195____ election, CDU’s vote increased whilst…
- Schumacher died in 1952 before a new election, by this time it was evident his policies were out of touch with German public.
- The successes of CDU’s economic model combined with the fear of Eastern Germany and backing for Adenauer’s foreign policy had reduced the SPD’s support in the FRG.
- His replacement, Ollenhauer, wasn’t as strong a political opponent to A as S had been, consequently in the 1953 election, CDU’s vote increased whilst SPD’s remained the same as 1949 election.
(Changes in the SPD and their significance in the FRG, SPD under Brandt & Godesberg Programme)
- O________________ defeat in 195___ led to a revitalisation of the SPD, primarily led by the young Mayor of….
- He pushed the SPD in a more…
- In 195___, the party adopted the ________________ Programme which took the SPD away from its ___________ roots and fully endorsed the…
- The party now supported the ________ integration with Western _____________ and membership of ___________ and moved away from its…
- SPD also asserted that it would be willing to work with the…
- Ollenhauer’s defeat in 1952 led to a revitalisation of the SPD, primarily led by the young Mayor of West Berlin, Willy Brandt.
- He pushed the SPD in a more modern direction and accepted the realities of the FRG.
- In 1959, the party adopted the Godesberg Programme which took the SPD away from its Marxists roots and fully endorsed the capitalist market economy.
- The party now supported the FRG’s integration with Western Europe and membership of NATO, and moved away from it’s anti-Catholic rhetoric.
- SPD also asserted that it would be willing to work with the CDU in a coalition if requested.
(Changes in the SPD and their significance in the FRG, SPD under Brandt & Godesberg Programme)
- Under Brandt’s leadership, SPD now gained backing of the _____ President, ______________.
- In 196___, SPD and CDU entered into a… and in 196____, for the first time since the foundation of the _______, Brandt became the… (and…)
- It could be argued that the SPD under Schumacher failed to influence the _______ and only really came to prominence once it… SPD also…
- However, S & A’s political rivalry helped to confirm that Germany could enjoy a… without resorting to the…
- Together, SPD & CDU forged a democratic & stable…
- Under Brandt’s leadership, SPD now gained backing of the US President, Kennedy.
- In 1966, SPD and CDU entered into a coalition government, and in 1969, for the first time since the foundation of the FRG, Brandt became the first SPD chancellor of FRG (and 1st SPD Chancellor since 1928).
- It could be argued that the SPD under Schumacher failed to influence the FRG and only really came to prominence once it accepted a new political direction in the 1960s. SPD also lacked direction in the 1950s.
- However, S & A’s political rivalry helped to confirm that Germany could enjoy a constructive and vehement political debate without resorting to the destabilising politics of the Weimar period.
- Together, SPD & CDU forged a democratic & stable Western Germany that moved the country away from its authoritarian past.
(The Process and significance of de-Nazification)
- A major problem the FRG faced was coming to terms with the events of the…
- Many Germans had voted for the Nazis and cheered when…
- Even more had benefitted under the regime and joined the party, _________ ___________ or taken part in _______ holidays.
- Politicians like _______________ (leader of SPD) used this bitterness to shape their… which divided the country to an extent.
- Moreover, members of the SPD were hoping to represent people who had…
- A major problem the FRG faced was coming to terms with the events of the events of the Nazi regime.
- Many Germans had voted for the Nazis and cheered when Hitler became Chancellor.
- Even more had benefitted under the regime and joined the party, Hitler Youth or taken part in KdF holidays.
- Politicians like Schumacher (leader of SPD) used this bitterness to shape their political outlook which divided the country to an extent.
- Moreover, members of the SPD were hoping to represent people who had supported the persecution of political opponents under the Nazis.
(The Process and significance of de-Nazification, USA & the Fragebogen)
- In the US area of _________ Germany, German citizens were judged through a…
- There were _______ questions concerning issues such as involvement in the German _________, whether they had _____________ in the Nazi Party, who they voted for in 193___ and whether they were a ______________.
- Anyone wanting to work in the _____ zone had to complete the _______________; without this they couldn’t qualify for…
- In the US area of West Germany, German citizens were judged through a Fragebogen (questionnaire) to decide who could be classed as a Nazi.
- There were 133 questions concerning issues such as involvement in the German army, whether they had relatives in the Nazi party, who they voted for in 1933 and whether they were a Junker.
- Anyone wanting to work in the US zone had to complete the Fragebogen; without this they couldn’t qualify for state relief (i.e. rations) and apply for jobs.
(The Process and significance of de-Nazification, USA & the Fragebogen)
- The fact that the Hitler __________ became compulsory in 193___ and that membership of the Nazi party was a pre-requisite for ____________ advancement in the Nazi state was ignored by the _______.
- Clearly, membership didn’t necessarily mean a belief in the _____________ given that ________-preservation was important…
- The fact that the Hitler Youth became compulsory in 1939 and that membership of the Nazi party was a pre-requisite for career advancement in the Nazi state was ignored by the USA.
- Clearly, membership didn’t necessarily mean a belief in the ideology given that self-preservation was important during these years.
(The Process and significance of de-Nazification, USA & the Fragebogen)
- One issue was the Fragebogen was that it depleted the number of ________ workers in the _____ zone who were needed to…
- As a result of this, and because of a lack of experienced __________________ in various industries, the allies began to relax their strict… by the end of 194____.
- Furthermore, there were too many people to be vetted, in one _____________, ___.__ million Germans were being investigated for…
- One issue with the Fragebogen was that it depleted the number of key workers in the US zone who were needed to rebuilt following the war.
- As a result of this, and because of a lack of experienced managers in various industries, the allies began to relax their strict de-Nazification by the end of 1946.
- Furthermore, there were too many people to be vetted, in one Länder, 2.5 million Germans were being investigated for possible Nazi sympathies.
(The Process and significance of de-Nazification, USA & the Fragebogen)
- To deal with the amount of people who were being investigated for Nazi sympathies, the allies introduced a new method :
- In ________________ 194____, ____ categories were decided upon with lesser offenders, who may have…. being placed on probation for ____-____ years whilst they worked to…
- Special ______________ were introduced to deal with questionable cases, whilst this was more efficient than the _________________, by 194___, ________________ Germans found to be in the more serious Nazi category were being kept in…
- A _____________ market developed where…
- As tensions increased between the… de-Nazification became less of a… and in 195___ the policy officially ended.
- To deal with the amount of people who were being investigated for Nazi sympathies, the allies introduced a new method :
- In October 1946, 5 categories were decided upon with lesser offenders, who may have been members of the Nazi party but with little evidence they supported the regime, being placed on probation for 2-3 years whilst they worked to rebuild Germany.
- Special tribunals were introduced to deal with questionable cases, whilst this was more efficient Tham the Fragebogen, by 1947, 90,000 Germans found to be in the more serious Nazi category were being kept in prison camps.
- A black market developed where certificates of de-Nazification were available.
- As tensions increased between the US and USSR, de-Nazification became less of a priority and in 1951 the policy was officially ended.
(The Process and significance of de-Nazification)
- Leading members of the Nazi party were tried by an allied tribunal at _________________ in _________________ 194____, (Adenauer…), sentences ranged from…
- In all _________ zones, key individuals such as ___________ and teachers were needed to help the…
- The allies maintained a particular focus on ___________ in the W___________ (armed forces).
- Some felt, however, that the soldiers were simply… and that the allies didn’t have…
- Leading members of the Nazi party were tried by an allied tribunal at Nuremberg in October 1946 (Adenauer had almost no involvement in this, but he uses it to further his position), sentences ranged from acquitted to death.
- In all allied zones, key individuals such as doctors and teachers were needed to help the German recovery (and therefore avoid the spread of communism, as was the allies’ fear).
- The allies maintained a particular focus on soldiers in the Wehrmacht (armed forces).
- Some felt, however, that soldiers were simply following orders and that the allies didn’t have a proper understanding of the Nazi state.
(The Process and significance of de-Nazification)
- In all zones there were many examples of former soldiers being…
- Some important Nazis managed to escape, such as the Nazi Doctor Josef M__________ (who carried out experiments on people at ________________) who fled to…
- Other Germans were wrongly accused and some reasonably important…
- There were some successes though : the first ‘_____________ Trials’ were held in ____________ in 194___ when H________, the longest serving commander of the camp, and ____ other camp officials were tried and arrested.
- In all zones there were many examples of former soldiers being arrested, held in a prison camp, and then being released without any explanation.
- Some important Nazis began to escape, such as the Nazi Doctor Josef Mengele (who carried out experiments on people at Auschwitz) who fled to South America.
- Other Germans were wrongly accused and some reasonably important Nazis even managed to secure influential jobs in both the FRG and the GDR.
- There were some successes though : the first ‘Auschwitz Trials’ were held in Poland in 1947 when Höss, the longest serving commander of the camp, and 5 other camp officials were also tried and executed.
(De-Nazification under Adenauer in the 1950s : the amnesty laws)
- Adenauer believed that the allies’ approach to de-Nazification had been too… and so pursued a… (V_________________) which aimed at annulling many of the allied…
- For Adenauer, the _______ needed to be a stable society and this included recruiting… even if they had been…
- In 195___, ____________ legislation was passed which benefitted _________________ Germans who had previously been…
- Adenauer believed that the allies’ approach to de-Nazification had been too harsh and so pursued a policy of ‘politics for the past’, (Vergangenheitspolitik) which aimed at annulling many of the allied punishments for millions of Germans who had been deemed to be Nazi sympathisers.
- For Adenauer, the FRG needed to be a stable society and this included recruiting experienced people for important government decisions, even if they had been members of the Nazi party.
- In 1951, amnesty legislation was passed which benefitted 800,000 Germans who had previously been classed as Nazi criminals (allows them to work, improves economy).
(De-Nazification under Adenauer in the 1950s : the amnesty laws)
- He suggested that the collective guilt of the…
- There were concerns amongst some in _________ Germany that guest workers from _______________ Europe were (still) treated as a social ________________ and this challenged the FRG’s bold claims about being a…
- ___ million migrant workers from I________, Y_______________ and T________ took up much of the low paid and…
- He suggested that the collective guilt of the Nazi regime “should be ended”.
- There were concerns amongst some in West Germany that guest workers from Southern Europe were (still) treated as a social underclass and this challenged the FRG’s bold claims about being a healthy democracy.
- 8 million migrant workers from Italy, Yugoslavia and Turkey took up much of the low paid and unskilled employment in Germany following the war (not a good look morally, considering Nazi past of Germany).
(De-Nazification under Adenauer in the 1950s : the amnesty laws)
- The __________ Germany _______ was banned in 195____ for supporting the ___________ actions in… during the 185____.
- Adenauer was accused of being overly _________________ during the 196___ S___________ Affair when it was discovered that journalists writing for S____________ Magazine had been arrested after criticising the…
- The West Germany KPD was banned in 1856 for supporting the USSR’s actions in East Germany during the 1953 uprising there.
- Adenauer was accused of being overly authoritarian during the 1962 Spiegel affair when it was discovered that journalists writing for Spiegel Magazine had been arrested after criticising the FRG’s armed forces.
(De-Nazification under Adenauer in the 1950s : the amnesty laws)
- By 195__, Adenauer introduced an ________________ which benefitted ________________ workers who had…
- By 195__, the second amnesty law was passed which annulled the ____________ process of de-Nazification. This led to ______________ being exonerated after being declared…
- The second amnesty law had the effect of weakening the…
- In ____________ 195___, the neo-________ Socialist _______ Party was…
- ____th __________________ 195___, Adenauer agreed to pay ____________ DM__ Billion in compensation for the treatment of…
- By 1951, Adenauer had introduced an amnesty which benefitted 800,000 Germans who had previously been classed as Nazi criminals.
- By 1954, the second amnesty law was passed which annulled the British process of de-Nazification. This led to 400,000 being exonerated after being declared Nazi criminals by the British.
- The second amnesty law had the effect of weakening the legal focus and depth of investigations into the prosecution of Nazi criminals.
- In August 1952, the neo-Nazi Socialist Reich Party was banned (A maybe just trying to make himself look good).
- 10th September 1952, Adenauer agreed to pay Israel DM3 billion in compensation for the treatment of Jews during the Holocaust.
(De-Nazification under Adenauer in the 1950s : the amnesty laws)
- _________ 195__, Adenauer passed the first amnesty law (the _______ law), it allowed _____________ German officials who had been…. to return…
- One infamous person affected was H______ G_________ who ended up working in Adenauer’s cabinet from 195__-___, he had been key in writing the ________________ Laws (193__).
- Also, Adenauer’s Minister for _____________, H_______ K____________ had participated in Hitler’s…
- Adenauer also had important members of the _______ Main Security Office (an ____ department) in the police and ____________ services which actually gained the CDU support from ________ wing voters, and proved that he was determined to prevent…
- May 1951, Adenauer passed the first amnesty law (the 131 law), it allowed 150,000 German officials who had been removed from positions to return to government administration.
- One infamous person affected was Hans Globe who ended up working in Adenauer’s cabinet from 1953-63, he had been key in writing the Nuremberg Laws (1935).
- Also, Adenauer’s minister for refugees, Hans Krüger, had participated in Hitler’s Munich Putsch of 1923.
- Adenauer also had important members of the Nazi Main Security Office (an SS department) in the police and security services which actually gained the CDU support from right wing voters, and proved that he was determined to prevent communism spreading.
(De-Nazification under Adenauer in the 1950s : the amnesty laws)
- A British High ________________ claimed that whenever he…
- Adenauer maybe did this so he can…
- Adenauer believed in ________________ and the fact that many of these men were willing to work for German _______________ due to a shared foundation of anti-___________________ ideology.
- This improved on the situation under _______________ where _______ servants, government officials and the _______________ had remained loyal to the…
- In 195___, Adenauer admitted that ____% of _____________ office diplomats were former __________ but that this was necessary for the…
- A British High Commissioner claimed that whenever he travelled in Germany he “ran into ghosts of Hitler’s Reich”, highlighting that former-Nazis were still in places of power.
- Adenauer maybe did this so he can keep an on them.
- Adenauer believed in rehabilitation and the fact that many of these men were willing to work for German democracy due to a shared foundation of anti-Communist ideology.
- This improved on the situation under Weimar where civil servants, government officials and the judiciary had remained loyal to the Kaiserreich.
- In 1952, Adenauer admitted that 66% of foreign office diplomats were former Nazis but that this was necessary for the successful functioning because they were the most experienced.
(De-Nazification under Adenauer in the 1950s : the amnesty laws)
- Adenauer believed that it was counterproductive to bar thousands of…
- Moreover, since Nazism had been all-encompassing it would take time for… and A wanted to avoid attacking…
- Adenauer also considered ___________ support important in order to…
- Adenauer believed that it was counterproductive to bar thousands of experienced people when they could make a positive contribution to West German democracy (forcing them to improver the FRG).
- Moreover, since Nazism had been all-encompassing, it would take time for pro-Nazi ideals to disappear and A wanted to avoid attacking all aspects of the Nazi regime which, he thought, could lead to mass societal divisions if pursued.
- Adenauer also considered public support important in order to remain chancellor.
(Response to Adenauer’s policies of de-Nazification)
- Protests at G_____________ _________________ in 195___in lower S___________ by professors and students because a Nazi-sympathiser, Leonard S___________ was appointed Minister of…, this appointment was withdrawn following this.
- Also in 195___, the S_____ parliamentarian, Walter M__________ spoke out against the numerous…
- The ___________ generation of Germans tended to simply… the economic boom of the FRG in the 19____s and the resurgence of ______________ standards following the destruction of war were much more important than the pursuit of…
- By mid-19_____s, the focus on de-Nazification had effectively come to an end.
- Protests at Göttingen University in 1955 in Lower Saxony by professors and students because a Nazi-sympathiser, Leonard Schulter was appointed Minister of Education, this appointment of him was withdrawn after.
- Also in 1955, the SPD parliamentarian, Walter Menzel, spoke out against the numerous amnesties passed by the government, “wounds our sense of justice”.
- The older generations tended to simply move on with their lives; the economic boom of the FRG in the 1950s and the resurgence of living standards following the destruction of war were much more important than the pursuit of Nazi criminals and shining a spotlight on the past.
- By mid-1950s, the focus on de-Nazification had effectively come to an end.
(Response to Adenauer’s policies of de-Nazification, POSITIVES)
+ Adenauer’s policies ensured a ___________ government ruled over WG and enabled…
+ Adenauer avoided opening up a rift between the _______ and _______ wing in the country, which had badly weakened…
+ Former-________ in his government were no longer __________ sympathisers and _________s of Nazi…
+ His policies enabled WG to develop and enjoy the ‘economic ______________’ soon after the most destructive war in European history.
+ Adenauer’s policies ensured a stable government ruled over West Germany and enabled democracy in the FRG to grow.
+ Adenauer avoided opening up a rift between the left and right wing in the country, which had badly weakened the Weimar Republic.
+ Former-Nazis in his government were no longer Nazi sympathisers and 1000s of Nazi criminals were arrested and sentenced.
+ His policies enabled WG to develop and enjoy the ‘economic miracle’ soon after the most destructive war in European history.
(Response to Adenauer’s policies of de-Nazification, NEGATIVES)
- Some believe that the FRG could have functioned more successfully if it had confronted…
- Given that there were a large number of…
- Adenauer’s approach meant the FRG was built on…
- Some also challenged Al’s belief that de-Nazification was not compatible with…
- Some believe that the FRG could have functioned more successfully if it had confronted Germany’s past and pursued Nazi criminals more strongly.
- Given that there were a large number of witnesses to the actions of Nazi party officials, this could have been successful.
- Adenauer’s approach meant the FRG was built on morally dubious grounds which undermined the drive for democracy.
- Some also challenged Al’s belief that de-Nazification was not compatible with the maintenance of peace and building of democracy.
lOOOK AT EAST GERMANY SHEET
18/03/25 11:41
Essay Q : How accurate is it to say that the SPD lost the 1949 election due to the leadership of Kurt Schumacher :
- 3 factors :
- Leadership of Kurt Schumacher.
- Leadership of Konrad Adenauer.
- Legacy of WW2.
