BOOKLET 3, A New Reich (1933-35) Flashcards

Question

(Gleichschaltung, _________ 1933 - _________ 1933) - Means _________________, it is the degeneration of ________________ democracy into the Nazi state. - Refers to the _______fying of G society and structures to enable... - The ____ focused on the local level and the Nazi ______________ on the political structure. - The initial focus was for the Nazis to secure _______________ supremacy through the 'coordination' of ______________ states, ____________ parties and ___________ unions, all of which were at odds with...

Answer 1

- March 1933 - August 1933. - Means coordination, it is the degeneration of Weimar's democracy into the Nazi state. Did it gradually. - Refers to the Nazifying of G society and structures to enable dictatorship. - SA focused on local level, Nazi leadership on political structure - The initial focus was for the Nazis to secure political supremacy through 'coordination' of federal states, political parties and trade unions, all of which were at odds with the Nazi's political aspirations.

Answer 2

- In the judiciary, political opponents & jews were removed from their position. - Freedoms eroded, political opposition arrested and Nazi organisations imposed on society. --- Cooperated for a number of reasons : - Fear. - Associating with Nazis benefited people professionally. - Many also believed socialism and communism were a danger to G society. - Nazis had control of the press, Göbbels was head of the Propaganda Ministry.

Answer 3

- Within 4 months of the Enabling Act all political opposition had been abolished. - Nazis targeted SPD because one SPD member had resisted arrest by shooting dead SA members. - 21st-26th June. - 500 SPD members and well-known anti-Nazi political opponents were gruesomely tortured by the SA, SS and Gestapo. - At least 23 subsequently died. - 22nd June, SPD dissolved due to its members fleeing to Prague.

Answer 4

- DNVP was absorbed into Nazis after its leader resigned from Hitler's cabinet as a protest against Nazi attempts to dissolve his party. - Centre Party weakened by the Concordat agreement, in which Nazis agreed to respect Catholic institutions if they refrained form political activities, on 5th July, Z party thus dissolved itself. - On 14th July, Nazis declared the only legal party in G, decree was passed making it illegal to form a new political group.

Answer 5

- Nazis destroyed politically powerful TU movements as they were a threat to the stability of the Nazi state. - Popular Christian TU was dissolved due to the Concordat. - Socialist TU had over 4 million members, and hoping to preserve their institutions in the face of Nazi pressure, they promised to remove their association with SPD and instead co-operate with Nazis. - At first, Nazis agreed, 1st May 1933 was designated 'Day of National Labor' holiday for workers, however, on the following day, SA raided the TU offices and arrested TU leaders. - TUs replaced with the Nazi organisation, the German Labour Front (DAF), which was the only legal TU represented by the G industry. - Robert Ley put in charge of the DAF and it had 22 million members by 1939.

Answer 6

- One key issue Hitler faced was the Federal system, in this sense he was helped by Papen's (previous chancellor) actions when he deposed of the Prussian Socialist Centre Party Coalition government, Hitler took advantage of this. - Göring was appointed Interior Minister and used his power to control the Prussian Police & Civil Service. - This allowed the Nazis to legally reinforce the Prussian police with 50,000 SS, SA & Stahelm.

Answer 7

- Article 2 of the Reichstag Fire Decree enabled the Nazis to take control of any state that couldn't control law & order. - e.g., in March 1933, SA & SS caused disorder in the states Hitler had yet to control, this allowed them to replace the governments of Wurttemburg, Baden and Bavaria etc. - By the end of March, all regional & local governments were under Nazi administration.

Answer 8

- March 31st 1933, Law for the Co-ordination of Länder instituted, allowing Nazi governors known as Gauleiters to implement laws and administer their states without having to consult the state parliaments. - 30th January 1934, Law for Reconstruction of the Reich ended all state parliaments, made Länder subservient to the central government and abolished the Reichsrat (which represented the state assemblies).

Answer 9

- 24th March 1933. - Suspended the Bill of Rights (e.g. personal liberty, freedom of the press etc banned). - Also stated that if, in any state, the measures necessary for 'public security' aren't taken, the Reich government may temporarily take over the powers of the supreme authority in the state in order to restore security. - Also meant the Reich cabinet is also authorised to enact laws, meaning any member can enact them, doesn't have to a vote or debate. - President's powers remain unaffected. - Laws come into effect after they are published, don't even need to use the Reichstag, simply publish a law.

Answer 10

- Formed in 1924 as an elite bodyguard for Hitler but it remained a relatively minor section of the SA with only 250 members until Himmler became its leader. - By 1939, the SS numbered 250,000, had established a reputation for blind obedience and total commitment to the Nazi cause. - Himmler also created a special security service called the SD to act as the party's own internal security police. - In 1933-34 he assumed control of all the police under the Länder, including the Gestapo in Prussia.

Answer 11

- Hitler turned to the SS to carry put the purge on the Night of the Long Knives in June 1934, with the loyalty and brutal efficiency of the SS during the purge leading to rewards, with it becoming an independent organisation within the party. - In 1939, all party and state police organisations involving police and security matters were amalgamated into the RSHA.

Answer 12

--- Security : Onset of war led to the job of internal security becoming greater, SS officers were granted severe powers to crush opposition. --- Military : The Waffen SS increased from 3 divisions in 1939 to 35 in 1945 which developed into a 'second army', the SS was so powerful it rivalled the power of the German army. --- Economy : SS became responsible for the creation of the 'New Order' in occupied lands of Eastern Europe, this provided opportunities for plunder and power on a massive scale, which members of the SS exploited. --- Ideology & Race : Racial policy of extermination and resettlement was pursued with vigour and the system of concentration camps was widely established and run by the SS' Death's-Head Units.

Answer 13

- Denunciation statistics : 57% reports from the general population, only 0.5% from actual Gestapo agents, shows that people tended to willingly (although likely out of fear) denounce people. - Some of the people may have genuinely believed that the Nazis were doing the right thing. - Some believe the Gestapo and German population formed a grim pact, the general population turned a blind eye to the Gestapo's prosecution of Jews and the political left, and in return the Nazis overlooked minor transgressions of the law by ordinary Germans. - Camps like Dachan (the first concentration camp), which was opened in 1933, may have scared people into denouncing others, Nazis let people out of the camps deliberately to scare people.

Answer 14

- Although many Germans from the time believed the Gestapo were everywhere, records show there were only 28 Gestapo officials covering the million people in Würzburg and surrounding Lower Franconia. - This suggests that by people believing the Gestapo are everywhere, they'll be more inclined to share info/denounce people. The image of the Gestapo served to intimidate opposition. - The manpower of the Gestapo was limited, with there only being 40,000 agents for the whole of Germany. - From 1933-39, Courts sentenced 225,000 people to a total of 600,000 years' imprisonment for political offences, this is actually a very small amount of time for each person, they ruled with fear, by making them go to concentration camp and then releasing them, they can share how terrifying/horrible their experience was, making others conform to Nazi expectations out of fear.

Answer 15

- By 1933, only 35,000 of 25 million male workers were unemployed, however, women and minorities couldn't work. - Free motorcycles, Christmas bonuses and insurance schemes provided for many workers. - Average paid holidays rose from 3 days per year in 1933 to between 6 and 12 days per year in 1939. - Improved facilities and Councils of Trust in each factory to represent the workers.

Answer 16

- Proportion of national income going to workers declined. - It's been argued that hourly wages increased by only 1% a year during the period of Nazi regime. - Workers' real incomes were also depressed by the compulsory exaction of membership dues for the DAF and NSV contributions. - Deductions from industrial pay packets in the third Reich have been estimated at 18%, up from 15% during the Weimar regime.

Answer 17

- DAF : set up in 1933 after Trade Unions were banned, workers were now represented in one national body, 22 million members by 1939. - KdF : created by the DAF to improve workers' leisure opportunities, with subsidised activities such as holidays and cinema visits (concessions, control of cinema), in 1938, over 10 million took KdF holidays. - 'Beauty of Work' was a subdivision of the Kdf, which improved working conditions. - In 1938, DAF also organised the Volkswagen scheme, giving workers the opportunity to subscribe 5 marks a week to fund eventually allowing them to acquire a car, no one actually received a car. (ALL GOOD EXAMPLES OF GLEICHSCHALTUNG)

Answer 18

- The DAF also provided vocational training courses, attended by 2.5 million workers. - Trustees of Labour : 12 trustees, with officials each in charge of an area, they had the power to set wages, fix holidays and regulate working conditions, they also supervised the operation of Councils of Trust. - RAD : Developed from a voluntary scheme under the Weimar Republic, a 1935 law made 6 months labour service compulsory for all men aged between 19 and 25, was also extended to women, e.g. built autobahn.

Answer 19

- Führerprinzip : 'Principle of the Führer', idea that Hitler is always right and that no one can oppose him. --- Hitler decided to purge the SA for multiple reasons : - After the banning of other political parties in July 1933, SA violence, which had been helpful in the past, now became counterproductive to Hitler's plans, the violence seemingly had no purpose, their behaviour was growing in unpopularity, particularly in the middle classes. - He was concerned that the actions of the SA would fuel opposition from the military and conservative right. - SA had hoped Hitler would go further with the Nazi revolution, as they were more radical, Hitler, however, was concerned that such further disruption of Germany would upset the economic system, particularly the wealthy industrialists.

Answer 20

- Hitler finally decided to take action on the 30th June 1934, the SS moved against powerful opponents to the regime, arresting Rhöm and other SA leaders and executing them. - In total, around 200 key SA leaders were executed, as well as around 100 political opponents.

Answer 21

- Overwhelmingly positive for Hitler's dictatorship. - Completely destroyed any potential threat from the conservative right. - Popular with the military. Clearly seen on 1st August 1934, when Hindenburg passed away and Hitler was able to take the role of Chancellor and President under a new title, Führer, without any opposition from the military. - On 20th August 1934, army showed its appreciation further by implementing a new oath whereby all soldiers would swear absolute loyalty to Hitler. - Showed Hitler was a decisive and daring leader, 'protecting' the nation from the threat that the SA posed. - For those that opposed him, it showed the consequences of opposition and provided a stark example of the vicious tactics of the Nazis.

Answer 22

Aim : glorify the regime, spread Nazi ideology and values and win over the people and integrate them into Nazism. --- RADIO : - Göbbels brought all radio under the control of the Reich Radio Company. - 13% of radio staff were sacked on racial grounds and replaced with sympathetic Germans. - In 1932, less than 25% had radios, by 1939, 75% had them. - The Nazis made cheap radio sets so that lots of people had them, could hear the propaganda. - Broadcasting also directed at public places, e.g. restaurants and cafes, so all could hear the Nazi messages (in homes and in public, no choice but to listen to message). --- NAZI RITUALS : - e.g. they created the Nazi salute and the Horst Wessel.

Answer 23

--- PRESS : - The Nazi publishing house, Eher Verlag, bought many of the existing newspapers and controlled 2/3 of the German press by 1939. - News agencies were merged into one state controlled DNB which vetted news before it was given to journalists. - The Editors Law of October 1933 made newspaper content the responsibility of the editor who had to meet strict guidelines. - However, might have limited impact, e.g. Nazi Newspaper, the People's Observer, had only 1.7 million readers by 1944, but the population of Germany was around 42 million. --- CINEMA : - Banned Jewish film-makers. - Göbbels recognised the power of propaganda films and 1097 films were made from 1933-45.

Answer 24

- Hitler's Character : He had a magnetic command of audience, enabled him to play on 'mass suggestion' (portraying himself as a normal man). - However, this was just an image perpetuated by the media, it's suggested that he disliked the study of documents and let people tell him what he wanted to hear. - Kershaw suggests that his followers carried out his presumed intentions.

Answer 25

- Wasn't decisive when making decisions. - Never showed any inclination to co-ordinate government, e.g. in 1933, cabinet met 72 times but only 4 times in 1936 - REICH CHANCELLERY. - Responsible for co-ordinating the gov, as role of cabinet declined, it became increasingly important. - It's head was Lammers, he drew up government legislation, became a vital link between Hitler and all other organisations.

Answer 26

- In 1920's, judiciary was hostile towards the Weimar Republic, it had been ultra-conservative and in some cases were biased against the left and in favour of the right. - So, on one level they were reasonably content working with the regime. - Until 1941 the Justice Minister wasn't a Nazi (not many judges & lawyers replaced). REGIONAL STATE GOVERNMENT : - By early 1934, Gleichschaltung had destroyed the federal principle of government. - The Nazi Reich Governors existed only to execute the will of the supreme leadership of the Reich.

Answer 27

- Disordered, lacked clear direction, unique system that centred around Hitler's role in the party. - He had no interest in discussions or designing new legislation. It was up to ministers to draft new legislation and then discuss it with other ministers. This was then presented to Hitler who would read it and either sign or reject. - He had no experience in political legislation: he had been a soldier in WW1 and then spent the 1920s campaigning. - He was disorganised, slept in late, hated Berlin and spent most of his time in the Bavarian Alps. - Began to apply the idea of evolution on his governing style in that the competition between departments would lead to the best results (Cumulative Radicalisation). - Ignored many people (even ministers), instead choosing to spend time with his favourites.

Answer 28

- Despite the chaos, the Nazid did achieve political goals mainly due to their overwhelming loyalty to Hitler. - Even without direction, Nazi officials used Mien Kampf and H's speeches to understand the ideology and form legislation. - Hitler had to sign off each law and only chose those that he favoured, therefore ensuring his ideas became a reality. - Only a few ministers (Himmler, Göring, Göbbels mainly) could gain person meetings with Hitler, everyone else had to go through his secretary, Lammers. - Lammers' power lay in the choice of legislation he presented to Hitler, therefore important to win favour with him! - This had been described by Kershaw as 'working toward the Führer' because Nazis had to understand Hitler's will to create legislation that would be passed.

Answer 29

- This style of government also created a strange dynamic in the way legislation was formed. - Hitler was ideologically extreme and preferred more radical laws (i.e. something that would capture his attention). - Competition between departments meant legislation became increasingly radical in order to gain H's favour. - This has been described as Cumulative Radicalisation and is particularly obvious with anti-semitic laws. - Hitler never set out a clear policy for Jews in Nazi Germany but CR ensure the policies became more extreme in a short space of time.

Answer 30

- In H's first cabinet in January 1933, there were only 3 Nazis (the others were chosen to avoid N's having too much power). - Early on, Hitler had to keep up appearances because President Hindenburg was still alive (until August 1934) and could remove him as chancellor at any point. - Even at this stage, Hitler reduced the power by not allowing them to vote on legislation. Hitler had final say. - The Enabling Act weakened the cabinet further by allowing the Chancellor to enact legislation agreed by the cabinet without needing the President's signature. - Following EA, cabinet meetings declined as became rather pointless since all decision making was subservient to Hitler's authority (just had to publish law in newspaper). - Cabinet met 72 times in 1933 but only 4 times in 1936.

Answer 31

- Hitler focussed on trying to remove the Treaty of Versailles : restoring the armed forces, regaining lost territory and claiming living space in Eastern Europe and Russia. He therefore needed a well trained/armed military to do this. - Röhm's calls for a people's militia secured his death during the Night of Long Knives because it ran counter to H's ideas. - In February 1933, Hitler proclaimed only members of the army could carry guns, not the SA. - In January 1934, he ordered that the SA limit their political agitation activities; something that pleased the military leaders.

Answer 32

- Following the NOLK (purge of SA), soldiers swore an oath of allegiance to Hitler (NOT GERMANY), tying them to his will for the remainder of the Third Reich!!! - Conscription imposed in 1935, pleased military generals, army's status had been restored in the country after years of humiliation. - Army educated in Nazi ideology, diluted the traditional Prussian values that had shaped army since 1871. - Himmler's SS are increasingly powerful as he was placed in control of concentration camps. The Order of the Death;s Head grew to 2,000 members by 1934.

Answer 33

--- Not TOTALITARIANISM because Nazis didn't have central control of the economy. (GEORGE ORWELL) --- INTENTIONALIST : - Believes Hitler was the 'master', they don't deny that there was division in the regime, but believe it was the result of a deliberate policy of 'divide and rule', made people compete. - He hired and fired both Nazis and non-Nazis whom he could use, e.g. Schacht was removed when he no longed conformed. - POLYCRACY : - Believed the Nazi regime was really just evolved from the pressure of the circumstances and not from Hitler's dominant role. - Also believed Hitler's personal weaknesses and limitations led to poor leadership. - He wasn't able to keep tensions in the economy & state under control and was never able to control powerful institutions, e.g. army & civil service.

Answer 34

- Hitler never allowed the Nazi party to take total control of the state : - State institutions such as ministries for labour, education, transport, civil service etc remained in place from the Weimar constitution. - These institutions were reformed, e.g. purged of Jews, but it meant the Nazi Party wasn't dominant everywhere. - Robert Ley, for example, tried to use the DAF to influence affairs, but from 1934-37, the minister for economy, Schacht, was in charge and he wasn't a member of the Nazi party. - Also, the Gauleiters, who were in charge of the regions of Germany, were largely independent and clashed with the minister of the interior, Frick, who couldn't control them.

Answer 35

- The confusing system was compounded by the fact that Hitler often created party institutions which overlapped with state institutions in their aim and tasks. - e.g, in 1933, instead of using the ministry of transport to manage construction of the autobahn, he created a brand new organisation called Organisation Todt, headed by Todd. - The overlapping responsibilities for the state Ministry of Education and the party institution of the Nazi Youth, under Schirach, also confused youth policy.

Answer 36

- This confusion was created by Hitler and he was willing to use both party and state institutions to enhance his power. - In early stages, Hitler needed to convince influential industrialists that Nazis would not make radical changes to the running of the economy and so appointed the well-known economist, Schacht, as economics minister. - Once the problems of the Wall St. Crash had been overcome through Schacht's actions, Hitler appointed Göring, resulting in S's resignation as he was being overruled.

Answer 37

- Upheld concept of Volksgemeinschaft. - The ideal German image was that of a classic peasant working on the soil in the rural community, exemplified by the Nazi concept of 'Blood and Soil' and by upholding the traditional roles of the two sexes.

Answer 38

- Aim was to influence people, overcome the traditional, sometimes hostile influences of parents and church. - Hitler Youth offered fun and action, but this was backed by intimidation to ensure members conformed to state demands. - Hitler Youth created in 1926, and in 1933 all youth groups (except the Catholic ones which were protected) were taken over by the Hitler youth. - Membership made compulsory in 1939.

Answer 39

- Expected to get pregnant, provide domestic care, removed from jobs and banned from smoking. - National Socialist Welfare Organisation set up and in 1934 in 1 month they have out 1,500 grocery parcels and 172 sets of baby clothes. - Harvest Kindergarten's 8,900 by 1941. - Lebensborn Programme, state run brothels, 1935-44, 11,000 children born. (Women who benefited were women of child-bearing age, arian and who wanted children, all other women didn't).

Answer 40

--- (Births) : - Financial incentives given, e.g. marriage loans, birth grants. - Improved maternity services. - Propaganda to raise self-esteem of mothers and housewives, e.g. awards like the Mother's Cross. - Penalties such as higher taxes on childless couples, restrictions on contraceptive information and measures introduced for compulsory sterilisation of 'undesirables', called Aktion T4. --- (EFFECTS) : - 1933-39, birth rate rose, then slowly declined, it did not raise to levels of Weimar Germany, so Nazi's not popular???

Answer 41

--- (Marriage) : - Increase suitable marriages. - 1933, 600 RM marriage loan if unemployed (worth 3 months wages), later extended to those in work. - October 1935, Blood Protection Law : marriage to Jews, Black people and gypsies forbidden. --- (Effect) : - Saw an increase in marriages however this may have been instead more due to economic optimism than policies. --- (Education) : - Prepare women for their proper roles, restrict opportunities. - Limited university enrolment of women to 10%. --- (Public Life) : - No female Nazi members of Reichstag. - Two women's organisations created, NSF & DFV which increased female participation in Nazi bodies.

Answer 42

- Education was intended to indoctrinate the youth so completely in the principles of National Socialism that the LT survival of the 'New Order' would never be brought into question. - By a law of 1934, the control of the German state over schooling was centralised under the Reich Ministry of Education under Rust. - The teaching profession was 'reconditioned' which meant that politically unreliable individuals were removed and Jewish teachers were banned. - The National Socialist Teachers' League (NSLB) was established and its influence and interference continued to grow, by 1937, it included 97% of all teachers and 2/3 of the profession had been on special one-month long courses on Nazi ideology and changes to the curriculum.

Answer 43

- Curricula and syllabi were adapted to fit the Aryan ideal, emphasis was placed on physical education, with 15% of school time being given to it. - Eugenics became a focus area, with Biology becoming a means by which to deliver Nazi racial theories. - Elite schools were created to prepare some of the youth for politics, e.g. the 10 Adolf Hitler Schools.

Answer 44

- Collective name for a number of youth groups. - Under control of Schirach, and by 1939, membership was compulsory. - Hitler Youth stressed political indoctrination and emphasised the life and achievements of the Führer, German patriotism, sports and camping. - Both sexes moulded for their future roles in Nazi society, e.g. boys engaged in physical and military activities, e.g. shooting, and girls were prepared for their domestic and maternal tasks, e.g. cooking. - By 1938, before it was made compulsory, 7 million (around 77%) of total youth population) were members. - Use for LINK in essay : popular with children because women sent their children to the HY.

Answer 45

--- Teaching : - They felt their status under threat despite initial sympathy for the regime. - 32% of teachers were members of the party by 1936, much higher than the 17% of the Reich Civil Service as a whole. - By 1938, recruitment of teachers had declined and there were 8,000 vacancies. --- Hitler Youth : - Impact was mixed, extra-curricular activities were great and sports, camping and music offered opportunities for poorer children. - However, it expanded too quickly and leadership was poor. Children began to resent the drill and discipline. - Groups like Edelweiss Pirates developed who exhibited banned social behaviour, e.g. jazz and 'dance bands'. 12 were hanged because of their attacks on military targets and the assassination of a Gestapo officer.

Answer 46

- In 1935, 97,000 BDM (girls) members attended camps and from 1935-37, 974,000 HJ (boys) members attended camps.

Answer 47

+ DAF membership increased from 5 million in 1933 to 22 million in 1939. + Number of people taking KdF holidays had grown to 10 million by 1938. - Closed down individual TU. - Workers forced to pay extensive contributions to DAF. - Working hours increased over time, average working week increased from 43 hours in 1933 to 47 hours in 1939

Answer 48

+ Agricultural production rose by 20% from 1928-38. + Nazi ideology of 'Blood and Soil' suggested sympathy for peasants. + Many farm debts were written off and government maintained extensive tariffs to reduce imports. - Reich Entailed Farm Law caused resentment and family discontent. - Increasing conscription took agricultural labour away.

Answer 49

+ Lived relatively comfortably, in years before 1939 their economic interest wasn't really threatened. - Real blow was in 1945 when occupation of eastern Germany by USSR resulted in nationalism of land. --- (Big Businesses) : + Generally benefited. + From 1938, the annexations and conquests of war provided enormous opportunities for taking over foreign property and companies.

Answer 50

+ In 1930-33, M had been one of largest promotions of votes for the Nazis, they wanted to maintain their support. + Money from confiscation of Jewish businesses was used to lower interest rate loans. - Despite this, M continued the decline that had started with industrialisation, they couldn't compete with big businesses. - From 1936-39, the number of traditional craftsmen declined by 10%.

Answer 51

- According to Mein Kampf, Jews were parasites feeding off German society and a danger to Volksgemeinschaft. - According to Hitler, German blood had to be kept pure and free from interbreeding with 'inferior races' in order to maintain its position as a world power. - Removed 5% of the so-called alien elements in the civil service. - Hindenburg stopped this law from targeting any Jews who had fought in WW1 or had family that had died in the war.

Answer 52

- 1935. - By 1935, there was pressure form within the party to remove Jews from citizenship. In this year, there were a wave of SA attacks on the Jews. - Others, like Schacht (Economist), saw this as distasteful and worried about the effect of such an action on exports. - Prompted by a speech by the Reich Doctors' leader, Wagner, which hinted that a new racial policy was imminent, Hitler switched his Nuremberg speech from foreign policy to anti-Jewish legislation called the Nurmeburg Laws. - 4 drafts were written overnight by civil servants, presented to Hitler and passed by the Reichstag meeting at Nuremberg on 15th September.

Answer 53

- 1935. - It was illegal for Germans and Jews to be married. - Jews were no longer German citizens, but were designated designated 'subject' (meaning no longer entitled to trials, can't ask police for help). - Jews were classed as anyone with three Jewish grandparents or had a Jewish husband or wife. - Jews were therefore legally second-class citizens living under legal repression.

Answer 54

- Hitler able to exploit hostility towards the Jews due to the stab in the back myth and the political weakness of Weimar Republic, able to turn this into a radical ideology of hatred. - His hatred of Jews shaped a lot of his political philosophy. - In a 1934 survey into the reasons why people joined the Nazis, over 60% didn't even mention antisemitism.

Answer 55

- Many Nazis keen to take immediate measures against Jews but party was worried this could get out of hand. - These concerns were confirmed when a one-day national boycott was organised for 1st April 1933, Jewish owned businesses were picketed by SA, who stood outside and urged people not to go in. - Boycott wasn't universally supported. - Nuremberg Laws 1935.

Answer 56

- Nazis set out to cultivate the message of anti-semitism to make people hate the Jews. - Goebbels himself was a committed anti-semite, used his skills as the Minister of Propaganda to indoctrinate the G people. - Methods like posters 'Jews are not wanted here', newspapers like Der Angriff. - Cinema like 'The Eternal Jew'.

Answer 57

- In early years of regime, SA took advantage of their power, violence against Jews, e.g. damage to property and physical attacks. - In 1936 there was a decline in anti-semitic campaign because of the Berlin Olympics. - Schacht had continued to express worries about the implications of anti-semitic action on the economy. - Union with Austria in 1938 resulted in thousands of attacks on 200,000 Jews of Vienna. - It's estimated that about half the Jewish population left before the war due to Nazi persecution.

Answer 58

- Nature of Hitler's leadership (working towards Furhrer, Enabling Act, Sacked army leaders in 1937...) - Use of Violence (Reichstag Fire, Night of Long Knives...) - Concessions to Groups (Workers, Women, Children). - Use of Propaganda (Radio, film, literature). Not yet complete???

Answer 59

- Nuremberg Laws. - Use of terror & violence. - Previous legal changes (Boycott, Law for Restoration of Civil Service April, SA attacks). - Nature of Hitler's Dictatorship (Volksgemeinschaft, eugenics taught in schools, propaganda), cumulative radicalisation.

Answer 60

- Use of terra & violence (Enabling Act, Knight of Long Knives, SA). - Concessions to groups (Workers, women, children, junkers). - Gleichschaltung (Hitler Youth, propaganda, Gauleiter). - Lawfully enacting Legislation (Enabling Act, Reich, Law against Formation of New Parties)