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History Revision Material > Booklet 2 - Industrialisation > Flashcards

Booklet 2 - Industrialisation Flashcards

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1
Q

By how much did crop yields increase as a result of enclosure?

A

40%

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2
Q

How many miles of turnpikes were there in 1836?

A

22,000

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3
Q

In 1836, what percentage of all road mileage was turnpike roads?

A

20%

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4
Q

How much did enclosure cost per hectare?

A

£12

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5
Q

How many miles of railway track were open by 1850?

A

6000

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6
Q

In what year was the first Welsh railway completed?

A

1841

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7
Q

In what year was the first Scottish railway completed?

A

1842

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8
Q

How many times more rail was there at the end of Queen Victoria’s reign than in 1850?

A

3x

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9
Q

Between 1775 and 1801, by how much did the population of Manchester grow?

A

24,000 (30,000 to 54,000)

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10
Q

In 1851. what percentage of the population lived in an urban environment?

A

50%

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11
Q

How large was the British population in 1851?

A

16.9 million

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12
Q

In 1801, which British towns had >50,000 residents?`

A

London, Edinburgh, Manchester, Birmingham, Liverpool, Bristol, and Leeds

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13
Q

In 1801, what percentage of the population lived in London?

A

8%

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14
Q

How many times larger than Paris was London in 1801?

A

2x

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15
Q

What was Wales’ largest town in 1800 and how many people resided there?

A

Merthyr - 8000

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16
Q

What percentage of iron was smelted in only 5 Welsh coalfields between 1796-1806?

A

95%

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17
Q

How many furnaces were built in South Wales between 1796-1806?

A

100

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18
Q

When was the Bank of England founded?

A

1694

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19
Q

How many banks were there nationwide in 1784?

A

119

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20
Q

How many banks were there nationwide in 1808?

A

800

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21
Q

In what year was the Banking Act?

A

1826

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22
Q

What did the Banking Act do?

A

Restricted the issuing of notes by smaller banks

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23
Q

When and where was the first joint stock bank founded?

A

October 1826, Lancashire

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24
Q

When were county banks given permission to issue bank notes?

A

1797

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25
Q

When was the cap on joint stock banks removed?

A

1826

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26
Q

In which year did parliament allow joint stock banks to issue cheques?

A

1833

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27
Q

Between 1761 and 1833, by how much did the value of cotton industry exports increase?

A

£297 million (£3 million to £300 million)

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28
Q

When was Arkwright’s water frame introduced?

A

1769

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29
Q

Who invented the spinning mule and in what year was it introduced?

A

Samuel Crompton, 1779

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30
Q

What did the Marquess of Bute build in 1839?

A

The docks at Cardiff Bay

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31
Q

When was the steam engine introduced to industry?

A

1769

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32
Q

How many cities had a population of 50,000-100,000 in 1850?

A

20

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33
Q

How many cities had a population >100,000 in 1850?

A

9

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34
Q

How many workers were there nationally in 1851?

A

9.7 million

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35
Q

What percentage of workers in 1851 were employed in textile factories?

A

6%

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36
Q

What number of workers did the average Lancashire cotton factory employ in 1841?

A

<100

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37
Q

Where in the UK was the centre of agriculture?

A

South East

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38
Q

Where in the UK was the centre of cotton?

A

Lancashire

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39
Q

Where in the UK was the centre of steel?

A

Sheffield

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40
Q

Where in the UK was the centre of pottery?

A

Staffordshire

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41
Q

Where in the UK was the centre of coal?

A

South Wales and the Midlands

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42
Q

Where in the UK was the centre of iron?

A

South Wales

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43
Q

Where in the UK was the centre of tin?

A

South West

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44
Q

From 1801 to 1851, by what average rate did urban areas grow?

A

23%-29%

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45
Q

In the 1810s, by what percentage did Glasgow’s population grow?

A

46%

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46
Q

In the 1820s, by what percentage did Manchester’s population grow?

A

44%

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47
Q

By what percentage did Bradford’s population grow in the 1810s?

A

63%

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48
Q

By what percentage did Bradford’s population grow in the 1820s?

A

69%

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49
Q

By what percentage did Bradford’s population grow in the 1830s?

A

52%

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50
Q

What percentage of children failed to reach 5 in Manchester and Sheffield in 1830?

A

50%

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51
Q

What fraction of workers were employed in industry in 1801?

A

2/5

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52
Q

What fraction of workers were employed in industry in 1871?

A

2/3

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53
Q

From and to what percentage did workers employed in agriculture change between 1801 and 1871?

A

35% to 15%

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54
Q

What was the value of all goods produced by British manufacturers in 1811?

A

£130 million

55
Q

What was the value of all goods exported by British manufacturers in 1811?

A

£40 million

56
Q

In what industry did Benjamin Gott work and how many workers did he employ?

A

Wool, 1500

57
Q

How many people did Richard Crawshay employ in Merthyr Tydfil in 1830?

A

5000

58
Q

Where did Richard Arkwright set up his mill?

A

Cromford

59
Q

How many people did Richard Arkwright employ?

A

300

60
Q

What was a common week’s work schedule prior to 1833?

A

14 hour days, 6 days a week

61
Q

How much was an employee usually fined for being 10 minutes late?

A

2 hours wages

62
Q

What was the average fine for talking on the factory floor?

A

1 shilling (1/5 of a daily wage)

63
Q

Between 1770 and 1850 by how much did coal production increase?

A

49 million tons (6 million tons to 55 million tons)

64
Q

How deep were mines in 1800 and then in 1850?

A

90 metres, 300 metres

65
Q

How did ‘bounding’ mine workers work?

A

Mine workers were technically temporary workers. They would agree to work for any one mine for a fixed time period and with fixed pay. Mine owners were not therefore obliged to provide regular work.

66
Q

From when were back-to-back houses built?

A

Late 1700s

67
Q

How wide was the average back-to-back house?

A

4 metres

68
Q

What fraction of workers in Birmingham lived in back-to-back housing?

A

2/3

69
Q

How many back-to-back houses were there in Nottingham in 1841?

A

12,600

70
Q

How deep were back-to-back foundations?

A

3 bricks

71
Q

How would a street of houses access water?

A

Communal water pump at the end of the street

72
Q

By what percentage did the urban population increase every decade between 1801-1851?

A

27%

73
Q

Between 1801-1841, what percentage of urban growth was absorbed by small towns of <2500?

A

67%

74
Q

Which act began to improve urban public amenities?

A

1835 Municipal Corporations Act

75
Q

How many streets did Chadwick inspect in Manchester for his 1842 report?

A

687

76
Q

Of 687 streets in Manchester in 1842, how many did Chadwick find to be unpaved?

A

248

77
Q

Of 687 streets in Manchester in 1842, how many did Chadwick find to be ill ventilated?

A

112

78
Q

Of 687 streets in Manchester in 1842, how many did Chadwick find to have pools of effluence?

A

252

79
Q

How many annual victims were claimed by typhus?

A

4000

80
Q

How many major outbreaks of typhoid were there between 1830-1836?

A

4

81
Q

How many people did cholera kill in 1832?

A

52,000

82
Q

How many people did cholera kill from 1848-49?

A

70,000

83
Q

How many people did cholera kill from 1853-54?

A

30,000

84
Q

How many people did cholera kill in 1866?

A

18,000

85
Q

What percentage of working class children died before 5 in 1842?

A

57%

86
Q

Under what age did the 1833 Factory Act prohibit children to work?

A

9

87
Q

When was the first Factory Act?

A

1833

88
Q

Under what age did the 1833 Factory Act prohibit night work?

A

18

89
Q

Under the 1833 Factory Act, children 9-12 could work a maximum of how many daily and weekly hours?

A

9 hours/day, 48 hours/week

90
Q

Under the 1833 Factory Act, children 13-18 could work a maximum of how many daily and weekly hours?

A

12 hours/day, 68 hours/week

91
Q

Under what age did the 1833 Factory Act mandate education?

A

11

92
Q

How long did the 1833 Factory Act mandate be allocated for meal breaks?

A

1 1/2 hours

93
Q

How many times a year were factory owners expected to whitewash there premises under the 1833 Factory Act)

A

1

94
Q

How many inspectors were appointed to enforce the 1833 Factory Act?

A

4

95
Q

How many textile mills were there nationwide in 1833?

A

4000

96
Q

What was removed in the 1844 Factory Act?

A

Mandatory education, lowered lower limit of working age to 8 on half hours

97
Q

What did the 1844 Factory Act introduce?

A

No night work for women, appointment of more inspectors

98
Q

What did the 1847 Factory Act most importantly introduce?

A

10 hour working day

99
Q

What were ‘relays’?

A

Using timed breaks to keep workers in factories longer than legally permitted

100
Q

When were relays banned for women and children?

A

1850

101
Q

Under what conditions were relays banned?

A

Increase of working hours from 10 to 10 1/2

102
Q

What did the 1853 Factory Act introduce?

A

Restricted work hours for women and children from 6am-6pm and set an official 10 1/2 hour day

103
Q

In what year was the Factories Act extended to all factories employing >50 people?

A

1867

104
Q

What movement did Richard Oastler lead?

A

The 10-hours Movement

105
Q

What were short-time committees?

A

Groups of workers who campaigned for factory and working reforms

106
Q

Where were the first short-time committees established?

A

Huddersfield and Leeds

107
Q

How many short-time committees were there in 1833?

A

26

108
Q

How many short-time committees were there in Yorkshire in 1833?

A

12

109
Q

How many short-time committees were there in Lancashire in 1833?

A

11

110
Q

How many short-time committees were there in Scotland in 1833?

A

2

111
Q

When was ‘Michael Armstrong: Factory Boy’ first published?

A

1840

112
Q

Who authored ‘Michael Armstrong: Factory Boy’?

A

Frances Trollope

113
Q

When did Napoleon close all European ports to British ships?

A

May 1808

114
Q

When was the American Non-Intercourse Act passed?

A

February 1811

115
Q

By how much did the values of exports to America drop after the American Non-Intercourse Act?

A

£9 million (£11 million in 1810 to £2 million in 1811)

116
Q

Who were the luddites?

A

A group of workers who caused industrial agitation by smashing factory equipment and buildings

117
Q

After whom were the luddites named?

A

Ned Ludd - weaver

118
Q

Why was Ned Ludd martyred?

A

He was whipped in 1779 for breaking 2 knitting machines

119
Q

Where did luddism begin?

A

Nottingham

120
Q

For how long did luddism last?

A

6 years

121
Q

In 3 weeks in 1811, how many stocking frames were destroyed by luddites?

A

200

122
Q

How many troops were sent to luddite active areas?

A

12,000

123
Q

In February 1812, how many frames were destroyed in Nottingham costing how much in damages?

A

1000 costing £10,000

124
Q

Who proposed in February 1812 that machine breaking become a capital offence?

A

Spencer Perceval

125
Q

How many luddites were executed and transported in 1812 in Lancashire?

A

18 killed, 13 transported

126
Q

What act of 1812 was passed to suppress luddite activity?

A

1812 Frame Breaking Act

127
Q

Which mill owner was killed by luddites?

A

William Horsfield

128
Q

What were the Swing Riots?

A

Riots and protest across swathes of southern agricultural England over pay, conditions, and mechanisation

129
Q

How many men’s work could one threshing machine achieve?

A

15

130
Q

When were the Swing Riots?

A

1830-1831

131
Q

How much damage was incurred in the riots?

A

£600 riot damage, £100,000 arson damage

132
Q

How many people were sentenced to death after the Swing Riots?

A

252

133
Q

How many people were transported after the Swing Riots?

A

505

History Revision Material (3 decks)

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