Booklet 2 - Industrialisation Flashcards
By how much did crop yields increase as a result of enclosure?
40%
How many miles of turnpikes were there in 1836?
22,000
In 1836, what percentage of all road mileage was turnpike roads?
20%
How much did enclosure cost per hectare?
£12
How many miles of railway track were open by 1850?
6000
In what year was the first Welsh railway completed?
1841
In what year was the first Scottish railway completed?
1842
How many times more rail was there at the end of Queen Victoria’s reign than in 1850?
3x
Between 1775 and 1801, by how much did the population of Manchester grow?
24,000 (30,000 to 54,000)
In 1851. what percentage of the population lived in an urban environment?
50%
How large was the British population in 1851?
16.9 million
In 1801, which British towns had >50,000 residents?`
London, Edinburgh, Manchester, Birmingham, Liverpool, Bristol, and Leeds
In 1801, what percentage of the population lived in London?
8%
How many times larger than Paris was London in 1801?
2x
What was Wales’ largest town in 1800 and how many people resided there?
Merthyr - 8000
What percentage of iron was smelted in only 5 Welsh coalfields between 1796-1806?
95%
How many furnaces were built in South Wales between 1796-1806?
100
When was the Bank of England founded?
1694
How many banks were there nationwide in 1784?
119
How many banks were there nationwide in 1808?
800
In what year was the Banking Act?
1826
What did the Banking Act do?
Restricted the issuing of notes by smaller banks
When and where was the first joint stock bank founded?
October 1826, Lancashire
When were county banks given permission to issue bank notes?
1797
When was the cap on joint stock banks removed?
1826
In which year did parliament allow joint stock banks to issue cheques?
1833
Between 1761 and 1833, by how much did the value of cotton industry exports increase?
£297 million (£3 million to £300 million)
When was Arkwright’s water frame introduced?
1769
Who invented the spinning mule and in what year was it introduced?
Samuel Crompton, 1779
What did the Marquess of Bute build in 1839?
The docks at Cardiff Bay
When was the steam engine introduced to industry?
1769
How many cities had a population of 50,000-100,000 in 1850?
20
How many cities had a population >100,000 in 1850?
9
How many workers were there nationally in 1851?
9.7 million
What percentage of workers in 1851 were employed in textile factories?
6%
What number of workers did the average Lancashire cotton factory employ in 1841?
<100
Where in the UK was the centre of agriculture?
South East
Where in the UK was the centre of cotton?
Lancashire
Where in the UK was the centre of steel?
Sheffield
Where in the UK was the centre of pottery?
Staffordshire
Where in the UK was the centre of coal?
South Wales and the Midlands
Where in the UK was the centre of iron?
South Wales
Where in the UK was the centre of tin?
South West
From 1801 to 1851, by what average rate did urban areas grow?
23%-29%
In the 1810s, by what percentage did Glasgow’s population grow?
46%
In the 1820s, by what percentage did Manchester’s population grow?
44%
By what percentage did Bradford’s population grow in the 1810s?
63%
By what percentage did Bradford’s population grow in the 1820s?
69%
By what percentage did Bradford’s population grow in the 1830s?
52%
What percentage of children failed to reach 5 in Manchester and Sheffield in 1830?
50%
What fraction of workers were employed in industry in 1801?
2/5
What fraction of workers were employed in industry in 1871?
2/3
From and to what percentage did workers employed in agriculture change between 1801 and 1871?
35% to 15%
What was the value of all goods produced by British manufacturers in 1811?
£130 million
What was the value of all goods exported by British manufacturers in 1811?
£40 million
In what industry did Benjamin Gott work and how many workers did he employ?
Wool, 1500
How many people did Richard Crawshay employ in Merthyr Tydfil in 1830?
5000
Where did Richard Arkwright set up his mill?
Cromford
How many people did Richard Arkwright employ?
300
What was a common week’s work schedule prior to 1833?
14 hour days, 6 days a week
How much was an employee usually fined for being 10 minutes late?
2 hours wages
What was the average fine for talking on the factory floor?
1 shilling (1/5 of a daily wage)
Between 1770 and 1850 by how much did coal production increase?
49 million tons (6 million tons to 55 million tons)
How deep were mines in 1800 and then in 1850?
90 metres, 300 metres
How did ‘bounding’ mine workers work?
Mine workers were technically temporary workers. They would agree to work for any one mine for a fixed time period and with fixed pay. Mine owners were not therefore obliged to provide regular work.
From when were back-to-back houses built?
Late 1700s
How wide was the average back-to-back house?
4 metres
What fraction of workers in Birmingham lived in back-to-back housing?
2/3
How many back-to-back houses were there in Nottingham in 1841?
12,600
How deep were back-to-back foundations?
3 bricks
How would a street of houses access water?
Communal water pump at the end of the street
By what percentage did the urban population increase every decade between 1801-1851?
27%
Between 1801-1841, what percentage of urban growth was absorbed by small towns of <2500?
67%
Which act began to improve urban public amenities?
1835 Municipal Corporations Act
How many streets did Chadwick inspect in Manchester for his 1842 report?
687
Of 687 streets in Manchester in 1842, how many did Chadwick find to be unpaved?
248
Of 687 streets in Manchester in 1842, how many did Chadwick find to be ill ventilated?
112
Of 687 streets in Manchester in 1842, how many did Chadwick find to have pools of effluence?
252
How many annual victims were claimed by typhus?
4000
How many major outbreaks of typhoid were there between 1830-1836?
4
How many people did cholera kill in 1832?
52,000
How many people did cholera kill from 1848-49?
70,000
How many people did cholera kill from 1853-54?
30,000
How many people did cholera kill in 1866?
18,000
What percentage of working class children died before 5 in 1842?
57%
Under what age did the 1833 Factory Act prohibit children to work?
9
When was the first Factory Act?
1833
Under what age did the 1833 Factory Act prohibit night work?
18
Under the 1833 Factory Act, children 9-12 could work a maximum of how many daily and weekly hours?
9 hours/day, 48 hours/week
Under the 1833 Factory Act, children 13-18 could work a maximum of how many daily and weekly hours?
12 hours/day, 68 hours/week
Under what age did the 1833 Factory Act mandate education?
11
How long did the 1833 Factory Act mandate be allocated for meal breaks?
1 1/2 hours
How many times a year were factory owners expected to whitewash there premises under the 1833 Factory Act)
1
How many inspectors were appointed to enforce the 1833 Factory Act?
4
How many textile mills were there nationwide in 1833?
4000
What was removed in the 1844 Factory Act?
Mandatory education, lowered lower limit of working age to 8 on half hours
What did the 1844 Factory Act introduce?
No night work for women, appointment of more inspectors
What did the 1847 Factory Act most importantly introduce?
10 hour working day
What were ‘relays’?
Using timed breaks to keep workers in factories longer than legally permitted
When were relays banned for women and children?
1850
Under what conditions were relays banned?
Increase of working hours from 10 to 10 1/2
What did the 1853 Factory Act introduce?
Restricted work hours for women and children from 6am-6pm and set an official 10 1/2 hour day
In what year was the Factories Act extended to all factories employing >50 people?
1867
What movement did Richard Oastler lead?
The 10-hours Movement
What were short-time committees?
Groups of workers who campaigned for factory and working reforms
Where were the first short-time committees established?
Huddersfield and Leeds
How many short-time committees were there in 1833?
26
How many short-time committees were there in Yorkshire in 1833?
12
How many short-time committees were there in Lancashire in 1833?
11
How many short-time committees were there in Scotland in 1833?
2
When was ‘Michael Armstrong: Factory Boy’ first published?
1840
Who authored ‘Michael Armstrong: Factory Boy’?
Frances Trollope
When did Napoleon close all European ports to British ships?
May 1808
When was the American Non-Intercourse Act passed?
February 1811
By how much did the values of exports to America drop after the American Non-Intercourse Act?
£9 million (£11 million in 1810 to £2 million in 1811)
Who were the luddites?
A group of workers who caused industrial agitation by smashing factory equipment and buildings
After whom were the luddites named?
Ned Ludd - weaver
Why was Ned Ludd martyred?
He was whipped in 1779 for breaking 2 knitting machines
Where did luddism begin?
Nottingham
For how long did luddism last?
6 years
In 3 weeks in 1811, how many stocking frames were destroyed by luddites?
200
How many troops were sent to luddite active areas?
12,000
In February 1812, how many frames were destroyed in Nottingham costing how much in damages?
1000 costing £10,000
Who proposed in February 1812 that machine breaking become a capital offence?
Spencer Perceval
How many luddites were executed and transported in 1812 in Lancashire?
18 killed, 13 transported
What act of 1812 was passed to suppress luddite activity?
1812 Frame Breaking Act
Which mill owner was killed by luddites?
William Horsfield
What were the Swing Riots?
Riots and protest across swathes of southern agricultural England over pay, conditions, and mechanisation
How many men’s work could one threshing machine achieve?
15
When were the Swing Riots?
1830-1831
How much damage was incurred in the riots?
£600 riot damage, £100,000 arson damage
How many people were sentenced to death after the Swing Riots?
252
How many people were transported after the Swing Riots?
505
