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y9 biology > booklet 2 - cell specialisation and division > Flashcards

booklet 2 - cell specialisation and division Flashcards

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1
Q

what are specialised cells?

A

cells that have structures or adaptations that allow them to do a particular funcition

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2
Q

cytokenisis meaning

A

cytoplasm splits

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3
Q

what does pluripotent mean?

A

can differentiate into all types of cells

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4
Q

what are stem cells?

A

unspecialized cells that differentiate into all types of cells in the body

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5
Q

what are the 2 purposes of stem cells?

A

self renewal (copying)
differentiation (specialising)

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6
Q

what are some uses for stem cells

A

-bone marrow transplant for leukemia
-treat disease
- fake meat (cow stem cells)

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7
Q

difference between embryonic and adult sten cells

A

embryonic (3 to 5 days) are pluripotent
adult stem cells aren’t pluripotent

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8
Q

functions of mitosis

A

growth, and repair of tissues in multi cellular, asexual reproduction in multicellular, binary fission un unicellular

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9
Q

how long does mitosis last (Percentage of cell life)

A

10%

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10
Q

stages of mitosis (remember pmat)

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telaphase

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11
Q

what happens in prophase?

A

pre - dna replicates

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12
Q

what happens in metaphase?

A

middle - line up on equator of cell

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13
Q

what happens in anaphase?

A

away- move to poles of cell

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14
Q

what happens in telaphase?

A

two - parent cell splits into 2 genetically identical daughter cells after cytokenisis

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15
Q

pros of embryonic stem cells

A

-embryos that are usually wasted are used to help people
-many available
-pluripotent so can cure a wide variety of diseases

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16
Q

cons of embryonic stem cells

A

-embryo right (no permission, pro life)
-relitavely untested and unreliable
-harm and death to embryo
-long term effect- cancerous?

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17
Q

pros of adult stem cells

A

-relitevaly safe
-doesnt kill donors
-quick recovery
-Well tried and tested
-no ethical issues in collection (permission given)

18
Q

cons of adult stem cells

A

-painful to donors
-operation hazard (infection etc.)
-not pluripotent so depends on disease

19
Q

difference between chromatids and chromosomes

A

2 chromosomes joined together to make a chromatid

20
Q

how many chromosomes in humans?

A

46 in every cell EXCEPT sex cells ie sperm and egg cells

21
Q

cell specialisation- red blood cell

A

-biconcave disc shape
-large SA
-no nucleus
-contain haemoglobin

22
Q

why do red blood cells have specialisation?

A

to be able to carry more oxygen

23
Q

cell specialisation- muscle cell

A

-elongated
-lots of mitochondria

24
Q

why do muscle cells have specialisations?

A

so they can contract

25
Q

cell specialisation-fat cell

A

-contain an energy store
-can increase in size
-very little cytoplasm

26
Q

why do fat cells have specialisation?

A

to be able to store energy

27
Q

cell specialisation- rod cell

A

-outer segment filled with visual pigment
-many mitochondria
-one end links up with a nerve cell

28
Q

why do Rod cells have specialisation?

A

so that you can see colour

29
Q

cell specialisation- egg cell

A

-can be enormous (biggest cell)
-half the no. of chromosones

30
Q

why do egg cells have specialisations?

A
  • half the amount of chromosomes so that when combined sperm it makes a full set
31
Q

cell specialisation- phloem

A

-elongated tubular shake with thin walled sieve tubes that have pores at each end in the cross wall and microtubules that extend between sieve material, allowing longitudinal flow of material

32
Q

cell specialisation - nerve cell

A

-long, thin
-form connections with neurones and muscle cells
-carry electrical impulses

33
Q

why are nerve cells specialised?

A

so tehy are able tk carry messages around the body like an electrical circuit

34
Q

why are palised cells specialised?

A

help with photosynthesis

35
Q

cell specialisation- palised cell

A

-regular shape to pack tightly together
-many chloroplasts containing chlorophyll

36
Q

cell specialisation- sperm cell

A
  • half chromosomes bc it’s a sex cell
  • acrosome contains digestive enzymes
    -many mitochondria
    -long tail
37
Q

why are sperm cells specialised?

A

so they can swim to egg cells, penetrate the cell wall and fertilise the egg cell

38
Q

cell specialisation- guard cell

A

Banana shape, found in pairs, contain chloroplast, ability to change shape

39
Q

cell specialisation- xylem

A

-form long hollow tubes
-wall contain lignin, strengthening material
-dead no cell contents

40
Q

cell specialisation -root hair cell

A

-thin cell wall
-large SA
-many mitochondria for respiration

41
Q

cell organisation

A

cell - tissue - organ - organ symstem - organism

42
Q

⁷

A

y9 biology (2 decks)

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