booklet 2 Flashcards
what is a pluripotent stem cell
found in embroys
develop rom totipotent cells
can differentiate into any type of cell ]
3 uses of plupotent stem cells
- to treat disease
-medicine
drug screening
what are unipotent stem cells
found In mature animlas
only differentiate into one type of cell
what are IPS cells and how are they produced
-induced pluripotent cells from unipotent cells
-can develop into a range of different types of of tissue used to treat disease
ethical issues of using stem cells
-killing embryo
what is a transcription factor
Transcription factors are proteins that are found in the cytoplasm that control if a gene is transcribed and expressed or not .
where do transcription factors move from and to
cytosplams to nucleus and attach to promoter region close to target gene it affects
what are gene mutations
changes in the sequence of nucleotide bases of dna
why might gene mutations happen
-spontaniously
-during dna replication
-x rays
what’s translocation
-a sequence of bases is moved from one location in dna to another part of genome
what is the rate of cell division based on
- proto- cncogenes- genes that code for proteins that stimulate cell divison
tumour suppressor genes - genes coding for protein that slow cell division
what can a mutated photo oncogene do
- called a oncogene
-stimulates cells to divide too fast
what can a mutation in tumour suppressor genes do
- not made or non functional
-rapid uncontrollable ell division
what are tumours
masses of dividing cells
beginning and malignant
Describe benign tumours
- grow slower that malignant
-non cancerous
-dont spread
-cells remain differentated
-cell nucleus has a relatively normal apparence
