Book Vocab Flashcards
crystalline
solid in which atoms, molecules, or ions are arranged in patterns with long range, repeating order.
amorphous
solid in which atoms or molecules do not have any long-range order.
heterogeneous mixture
mixture in which the composition varies from one region to another
homogeneous mixture
mixture with the same composition
throughout
decanting
method of separating immiscible liquids by pouring the top layer into another container
distillation
The process by which mixtures of miscible liquids are separated by heating the mixture to boil off the more volatile liquid. The vaporized component is then recondensed and collected in a separate flask
volatiel
tending to vaporize easily
filtration
A procedure used to separate a mixture composed of an insoluble solid and a liquid by pouring it through filter paper or some other porous membrane or layer
intensive property
A property such as density that is independent of the amount of a given substance
extensive property
A property that depends on the amount of a given substance, such as mass
metal
A large class of elements that are generally good conductors of heat and electricity, lmalleable, ductile, lustrous, and tend to lose electrons during chemical change
non metal
A class of elements that tend to be poor conductors of heat and electricity and usually gain electrons during chemical reaction
metalloid
A category of elements found on the boundary between the metals and nonmetals of the periodic table, with properties intermediate between those of both groups; also called semimetals
semiconductor
A material with intermediate electrical conductivity that can be changed and controlled
main group elements
Those elements found in the s or p blocks of the periodic table, whose properties tend to be predictable based on their position in the table
transition elements
Those elements found in the d block of the periodic table whose properties tend to be less predictable based simply on their position in the table
family
A group of organic compounds with the same functional
group
noble gases
The group 8A elements, which are largely unreactive (inert) due to their stable filled p orbitals
alkali metals
Highly reactive metals in group 1A of the periodic table
alkaline earth metals
Fairly reactive metals in group 2A of the periodic table
halogens
Highly reactive nonmetals in group 7A of the periodic table
radioactivity
The state of those unstable atoms that emit subatomic particles or high energy electromagnetic radiation
nuclear theory
The theory that most of the atom’s mass and all of its positive charge is contained in a small, dense nucleus
atomic mass unit
A unit used to express the masses of atoms and subatomic particles, defined as 1>12 the mass of a carbon atom containing 6 protons and 6 neutrons
atomic number
The number of protons in an atom; the atomic number defines the element
isotope
Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons and consequently different masses
natural abundance
The relative percentage of a particular isotope in a naturally occurring sample with respect to other isotopes of the same element
mass number
The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom
ion
An atom or molecule with a net charge caused by the loss or gain of electron
cation
A positively charged ion
anion
A negatively charged ion
chemical formula
a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction, a balanced equation contains equal numbers of atoms of each element on both sides in atoms and molecules
empirical formula
A chemical formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in the compound
molecular formula
A chemical formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule of a compound
ball-and-stick mocel
A representation of the arrangement of atoms in a molecule that shows how the atoms are bonded to each other and the overall shape of the molecul
space filling molecular model
a representation of a molecule that shows how the atoms fill the space between them
binary compound
a compound that contains only two different elements
oxyanion
a polyatomic anion containing a nonmetal covalently bonded to one or more oxygen atoms
hydrate
an ionic compound that contains a specific number of water molecules associated with each formula unit
acid
A molecular compound that is able to donate an H+ ion ( proton) when dissolved in water, thereby increasing the concentration of H
binary acid
an acid composed of hydrogen and a nonmetal
oxyacid
an acid composed of hydrogen and oxyanion
formula mass
the average mass of a molecule of a compound in amu
mass spectrometry
a measure of the quantity of matter making up an object
mole
a unit defined as the amount of material containing 6.00*10^23 particles
polyatomic ion
a ion composed of two or more atoms
oxyanion
a polyatomic anion containing a nonmetal covalently bonded to one or more oxygen atoms
hydrate
an ionic compound that contains a specific number of water molecules associated with each formula unit
mass percent composition
mass percent
an element’s percentage of the total mass of a compound containing the element
empirical formula molar mass
the sum of the masses of all the atoms in an empirical formula
combustion analysis
a method of obtaining empirical formulas for unknown compounds, especially those containing carbon and hydrogen by burning a sample of the compound in pure oxygen and analyzing the product of the combustion reaction
combustion reaction
a type of chemical reaction in which a substance combines with oxygen to form one or more oxygen containing compounds, the reaction often causes the evolution of heat and light in the form of flame
reactants
the starting substance of a chemical reaction, they appear to the left-hand side of the chemical equation
products
the substances produced in a chemical reaction, they appear on the right-hand of a chemical equation
barometer
an instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure
atmosphere
a unit of pressure based on the average pressure of air at sea level
1atm=101.325 Pa
pascal
the SI unit of pressure, defined as N/m^2
manometer
An instrument used to determine the pressure of a
gaseous sample, consisting of a liquid-filled U-shaped tube with one end exposed to the ambient pressure and the other end connected to the sample
boyle’s law
the law that states that volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure v=1/p
charles’s law
the law that states that the volume of gas is directly proportional to its temperature v=T
ideal gas law
the law that combines the relationships of Boyle’s and Charles’s law, and Avogadro’s law into one comprehensive equation of state with the proportionality constant R in the for ov PV=nRT
ideal gas constant
the proportionality constant of the ideal gas law, R, equal to 8.314J/mol * K or 0.08206 L * atm/mol * K
molar volume
the volume occupied by one mole of gas, the molar volume of an ideal gas at STP is 22.4L
standard temp and pressure STP
the conditions of T=0C and P = 1atm, used primarily in refrence to gas
partial pressure
the pressure due to any individual component in a gas mixture
dalton’s law of partial pressure
the law stating that the sun of the partial pressures of the components in a gas mixture must equal the total pressure
mole fraction
the number of moles of a component in a mixture divided by the total number of molesl in the mixture
hypoxia
a physiological condition caused by low levels of oxygen, marked by dizziness, headache, shortness of breath, and eventually unconsciousness or even death in severe cases
vapor pressure
the partial pressure of a vapor in dynamic equilibrium with its liquid
energy
the capacity to do work
work
the result of a force acting through a distance
heat
the flow of energy caused by a temperature difference
kinetic energy
the energy associated with motion of an object
thermal energy
a type of kinetic energy associated with the temperature of an object, arising from the motion of individual atoms or molecules in the object
potential energy
the energy associated with the position or composition of an object
chemical energy
the energy associated with the relative positions of electrons and nuclei in atoms and molecules
law of conservation of energy
a law stating that energy can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction
system
in thermodynamics, the portion of the universe that is singled out for investigation
surroundings
in thermodynamics, everything in the universe that exists outside the system under investigation
joule
the SI unit for energy, equal to 1kg*m^2/s^2
calorie
a unit of energy defined as the amount of energy required to raise one gro=am of water 1C, equal to 4.184J
Calorie
shorthand notation for the kilocalorie or 1000 calories, also called the nutritional calorie, the unit of energy used on nutritional labels
kilowatt-hour
an energy unit used primarily to express large amounts of energy produced by the flow of electricity equal to 3.60*10^6J
