Book: UTC: 20 Flashcards

1
Q

How the tendency of a process to occur by itself is distinct from how long it takes to occur.

A

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2
Q

The distinction between a spontaneous and a nonspontaneous change.

A

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3
Q

Why the first law of thermodynamics and the sign of ∆Hº cannot predict the direction of a spontaneous change.

A

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4
Q

How entropy (S) of a system is defined by the number of microstates over which its energy is dispersed.

A

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5
Q

How entropy is alternatively defined by the heat absorbed (or released) at constant T in a reversible process.

A

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6
Q

The criterion for spontaneity according to the second law of thermodynamics: that a change increases S_univ.

A

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7
Q

How absolute values of standard molar entropies (Sº) can be obtained because the third law of thermodynamics provides a zero point.

A

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8
Q

How temperature, physical state, dissolution, atomic size, and molecular complexity influences Sº values.

A

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9
Q

How ∆Sº_rxn is based on the difference between the summed Sº values for the reactants and those for products.

A

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10
Q

How the surroundings add heat to or remove heat from the system and how ∆S_surr influences overall ∆Sº_rxn.

A

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11
Q

The relationship between ∆S_surr and ∆H_sys.

A

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12
Q

How reactions proceed spontaneously toward equilibrium (∆S_univ > 0) but proceed no further at equilibrium (∆S_univ = 0).

A

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13
Q

How the free energy change (∆G) combines a system’s entropy and enthalpy changes.

A

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14
Q

How the expression for the free energy change is derived from the second law.

A

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15
Q

The relationship between ∆G and the maximum work a system can perform and why this quantity of work is never performed in a real process.

A

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16
Q

How temperature determines spontaneity for reactions in which ∆S and ∆H have the same sign.

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17
Q

Why the temperature at which a reaction becomes spontaneous occurs when ∆G = 0.

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18
Q

How a spontaneous change can be coupled to a nonspontaneous change to make it occur.

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19
Q

How ∆G is related to the ratio of Q to K.

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20
Q

The meaning of ∆Gº and its relation to K.

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21
Q

The relation of ∆G to ∆Gº and Q.

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22
Q

Why G decreases, no matter what the starting concentrations, as a reacting system moves toward equilibrium.

A

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23
Q

The distinction between product-favored and reactant-favored reactions.

A

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