Book parts 2, 3 and 4 Flashcards
1
Q
When do we need to judge?
A
- Memory: Nudges can help us remember to make decisions that align with our goals or values.
- Delayed effects: Decisions with benefits now but costs later often involve self-control issues. We may prioritize immediate gratification over long-term benefits or underestimate future risks.
- Difficulty: the more difficult, the more help is needed
- Infrequency: hard problems become easier with practice and solving can become automatic
- Poor feedback: when feedback is innefective, we may benefit from a nudge
- The ambiguous relationship between chocie and experience: it’s hard to know what you want in an unfamiliar situation
2
Q
Channel factors
A
- Small details in our environment that can make it easier or harder for us to act in a certain way
- Facilitating good behavior by removing obstacles
3
Q
Defaults
A
- Pre-set options or behaviors that require minimal effort to follow
- “Path of least resistance”
- More appealing when they are presented as the normal or recommended course of action
4
Q
2 objections against required choices
A
- People prefer a default choice and consider required choice to be worse
- It’s more appropriate for yes/no decisions than for complex choices
5
Q
Active choosing
A
- Choice architects can find out what other people instead of having to guess
- It can overcome:
1. Inertia (staying the same)
2. Inattention
3. Procrastination
6
Q
Curation
A
Refers to the process of selecting, managing, and presenting a collection of items or content in a way that adds value and meaning
7
Q
Importance of curation for businesses
A
It helps differentiate themselves from large online retailers by providing a more specialized, curated experience that reflects expertise in a particular field
8
Q
Fun
A
- Final element of good choice architecture
- Lotteries (provide positive reinforcement)
9
Q
Smart disclosure
A
- Measurement created by the government to make a choice or do something that makes them better off
- Fine print that contains info that the seller is required to tell you but doesn’t want you to read
10
Q
Sludge
A
- Make a process more difficult for people to make a choice
- Multiple interviews to get a visa, filling out 20 papers to get financial aid
- The goal is to make pricing less transparent
11
Q
Shrouded attributes
A
These are hidden or less obvious features of a product that can lead to unexpected costs
12
Q
Why do defaults work?
A
- Status quo bias
- Laziness
- Procrastination
- Lack of salience
13
Q
Longevity of nudges
A
Differs across populations and contexts
Environment varies greatly in how much attention people are devoting to the taste at hand
14
Q
Organ donation consent
A
- Explicit consent: The default is no, so you have to actively say “yes” if you want to participate (e.g., signing up for organ donation).
- Presumed consent: The default is yes, so you are automatically included unless you actively say “no” (e.g., some countries’ organ donation systems).
- Prompted choice: The default is no, like explicit consent, but you are asked to decide at a specific moment (e.g., when renewing your driver’s license). If you didn’t make a decision, your family might still have the power to decide for you.
- Mandated choice: There’s no default, and you must actively make a choice when asked. Your decision is final, and your family cannot override it later.
15
Q
Saving the planet obstacles
A
- Present bias: people concern more over now than later
- Salience: if you can’t see it, you don’t worry about it
- No specific villain: it’s the product of actions of many people
- Probablistic harms: make it hard to read a consensus
- Loss aversion: people are more negative about losses than positive about gains
- The tragedy of the commons: occurs when individuals use a shared resource for personal gain, leading to its depletion
- Free riding: happens when people benefit without contributing, as they don’t bare the full cost of the harm they cause
- No clear feedback
