book material

Question 1

chronic status offenders

Answer 1

those who engage in repeated & systematic behavior even after it’s been addressed by school, family, or social service agencies

Question 2

social differentiation

Answer 2

the process by which we define, describe, and distinguish people based on different categories

Question 3

ascribed vs. achieved categories

Answer 3

ascribed: a category that an individual is born into and cannot change

achieved: a flexible category individuals may be able to move in & out of

Question 4

individual racism/classism/sexism

Answer 4

individuals hold personal attitudes of prejudice based on race, class, or gender and act on these attitudes in a discriminatory fashion

Question 5

institutional racism/classism/sexism

Answer 5

when individuals are disadvantaged because of their race, class, or gender because of the routine workings of institutions in the United States

Question 6

the sociological imagination

Answer 6

idea that the only way to truly understand the experiences of the individual is to first understand the societal, institutional, historical conditions the individual is living under
- C Wright Mills
“no person is an island”

Question 7

moral panic definition

Answer 7

heightened concern over an issue that is not in line with its seriousness or frequency of occurrence in the world

Question 8

moral panic historical examples

Answer 8

late 1700s:
- “explicit” songs & photos inspiring potential delinquents (ballads)
1800s:
- acting/drama & negative influence it had on kids
early 1900s:
- media as delinquency instigators: dime novels as tempting
- 20s silent films (flaming youth)
- 30s talking films were provocative
- ideas that jazz music brought out evil
mid 1900s
- comic books
- 50s rock music (Elvis)
late 1900s
- hippies
- Grateful Dead
- rap, heavy metal would corrupt youth
- rap & listeners as “dangers to society”
- video games
2000s
- video games
- online storytelling (creepypasta)

Question 9

ethnography

Answer 9

qualitative method that is the scientific description of the customs of a group
study people in their environment through observation & interviews

Question 10

ecological fallacy

Answer 10

mistake of making an inference about an individual based on aggregate data for the group

Question 11

gender trends in illicit drug use

Answer 11

self-report
- 25%-50% of girls tried at least once in past year
- 30%-60% of boys tried at least once in past year
girls generally less but trends are similar, steady increase during ’90s then leveling off & decreasing

Question 12

UCR gender & delinquency

Answer 12

• said girls were more violent than boys in ’90s-2000s

GSG

Question 13

NCVS gender & delinquency

Answer 13

• said girls’ & boys’ violent behavior was steady in ’90s-2000s

GSG

Question 14

self-report data gender & delinquency

Answer 14

• said girls’ & boys’ violent behavior was steady in ’90s-2000s

GSG

Question 15

Girls Study Group

Answer 15

compared NCVS, UCR, Self-Report
proportional increase in arrests was likely due to a change in arrest practices & policies for law enforcement

Question 16

selective incapacitation

Answer 16

a kind of incapacitation justification where high-risk offenders are identified & incapacitated for long periods & low-risk offenders are handled with less serious sanctions

Question 17

JJS vs CJS terminology

Answer 17

delinquent – criminal
hearing – trial
order to appear – warrant for arrest
charges on a petition – indictment
adjudicated delinquent – found guilty
disposition – sentence
held in detention – imprisoned

Question 18

micro-level theory

Answer 18

theories of delinquency focused on the individual

Question 19

normative theory

Answer 19

assumes that consensus is a basic fact of organized social life, so delinquency is a violation of norms/rules/laws caused by any number of individual/societal factors

Question 20

positive reinforcement

Answer 20

a reward added for behavior
pleasure felt from doing drugs

Question 21

negative reinforcement

Answer 21

event that strenthens behavior because behavior stops a negative event that an individual wants to stop

Question 22

positive punishment

Answer 22

a punishment added to decrease behavior

Question 23

negative punishment

Answer 23

something taken away as a punishment

Question 24

macro-level theory

Answer 24

theories of delinquency that focus on the social structure/’big picture’ of society

Question 25

operation weed and seed

Answer 25

programs that ‘weed’ areas through collaboration with govt. agencies (law enforcement, etc) and ‘seed’ area by investing, giving physical & financial resources to improve life in & appearance of community
an attempt to increase collective efficacy, though effectiveness is questioned

Question 26

Sutherland’s 9 propositions

Answer 26

1 - criminal behavior is learned
2 - learning is in interaction with others in a process of communication
3 - main part of learning is in intimate personal groups
4 - learning includes techniques (simple/complicated) and direction of motives, drives, rationalizations & attitudes
5 - direction of motives & drives is learned from definitions of legal code as favorable/unfavorable
6 - delinquency comes from an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over unfavorable
7 - differential association varies in frequency, duration, priority, intensity
8 - learning criminal behavior uses mechanisms of any other kind of learning
9 - criminal behavior expresses general needs and values but is not explained by them