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Mammo Boards > book flashcards > Flashcards

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1
Q

In what positions do you do a BSE

A

upright & supine

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2
Q

What is a CBE

A

Clinical quest examination- provider exams

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3
Q

In CBE special attention is paid to the month note in the axilla and around the clavicle because breast cancer spreads from the breast via what

A

Lymph nodes

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4
Q

What dose does mammography us le

A

Glandular dose

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5
Q

What is an average glandular dose for typical mammography

A

.3 rad (3 mGy) with grid
.1 rad (1 mGy) without a grid

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6
Q

If a woman has a first degree relative (mother, sister, daughter) with br ca, what does it do to her chance of having br ca

A

Doubles chance

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7
Q

If a woman has two first degree relatives with breast cancer, what does it do her risk of it

A

Triples chance

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8
Q

What race has the highest incident rate of breast cancer

A

White women

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9
Q

What race is the most likely race to die as a result of breast cancer

A

African American

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10
Q

A proliferative lesion with or without atypia is associated with the highest risk

A

Lesions with atypia

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11
Q

What percent of untreated DCIS turn into invasive br ca

A

20% - 50%

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12
Q

Does lobular carcinoma in situ show mammographically

A

Not typically

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13
Q

What is nulliparous

A

A woman who never carried a pregnancy beyond 20 weeks

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14
Q

What is primiparous

A

A woman who has given birth at least once

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15
Q

What are the first two most common cancers in the US

A

Skin is first, breast is second

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16
Q

First and second leading cause of cancer death in US

A

Lung/ bronchus first, breast second

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17
Q

What percent of women will have breast cancer in their life

A

13%

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18
Q

What percentage of breast cancer is from men

A

1%

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19
Q

When do they start external beam radiation therapy & how long does it last

A

1 month after the surgery. 5x per week for 6-8 weeks

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20
Q

What is internal beam radiation therapy also called

A

Brachytherapy

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21
Q

What is the treatment time from for internal beam radiation therapy

A

5-9 days

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22
Q

What is neoadjuvant chemotherapy

A

Administered before the surgery to help shrink the cancerous tumor

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23
Q

What is adjuvant chemotherapy

A

Administered in addition to another breast cancer treatment EX mastectomy

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24
Q

What is the first line of treatment for triple negative breast cancer

A

Chemotherapy

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25
Q

How long does chemotherapy treatment last

A

3-6 months

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26
Q

What does Hormone therapy do

A

Slows or stops the growth of hormone sensitive tumors by blocking the body’s ability to produce hormones or by interfering with hormone actions.

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27
Q

SERM stands for

A

Selective estrogen receptor modulators

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28
Q

What does a SERM do

A

Treats cancers that rely on the supply of estrogen to grow

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29
Q

What is Tamoxifen

A

A SERM - can be used to shrink large tumors

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30
Q

What does TRAM flap stand for

A

Transverse rectus abdomen’s myocutaneous flap

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31
Q

What is a latissimus flap

A

Skin, fat, and muscle from the upper back are used to make new breast.

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32
Q

One of the minor risk factors for developing breast cancer is

A

Not breastfeeding

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33
Q

What is a symptom of a possible breast disease that cannot be demonstrated on a mammogram

A

Nipple discharge

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34
Q

HER2 stand for

A

Human epidural growth factor receptor 2

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35
Q

What is HER2 and ERBB2 receptors

A

A protein which functions as a receptor on the breast

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36
Q

What nipple discharge is normal

A

Clear, milky, yellow, or green (bloody is not good)

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37
Q

Postmenopausal obesity is associated with what

A

A relatively high risk of developing breast cancer

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38
Q

Glandular dose for routine mammography is what

A

2-3 mGy

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39
Q

Removal of breast tissue, skin, nipple and areola

A

Simple mastectomy

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40
Q

Removes entire breast, nipple, areola, & some of the underarm lymph nodes

A

Modified mastectomy

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41
Q

What KVP values are used in Mammo

A

20-40 kvp

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42
Q

Fatty breasts use which target

A

Molybdenum

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43
Q

Dense breasts use which target

A

Rhodium

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44
Q

What are the controlling factors of contrast

A

Kv value, software & digital algorithms

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45
Q

What is the normal clinical practice range of KVP

A

25-28 kvp

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46
Q

Minimum HVL should not measure less than what

A

.3 mm aluminum at 30 kvp or .25 mm at 25 kvp but not more than .4 mm at 30 kvp

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47
Q

HVL assessment should include what filtration

A

Inherent & added

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48
Q

Angled target allows a larger area of the electromagnetic to strike while maintaining a small effective focal spot

A

Line focus principle

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49
Q

Anode angles for mammo are what

A

0-16 degrees
6 degrees is common

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50
Q

SID is what for mammo

A

24-30 inches (60-75 cm)

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51
Q

Ensures that the cray beam does not extend beyond the edge of the detector, especially at the chest wall

A

Half field geometry

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52
Q

Large focal spot vs small: what are they used for

A

Large is for routine work, small is for mags

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53
Q

What is the most commonly used exit port

A

Beryllium

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54
Q

What is positioned towards the cathode at? Why

A

Chest wall = thickest part of the chest (anode heel effect)

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55
Q

Compression minimum & max (MQSA)

A

25 lb - 45 lb

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56
Q

What type of grid does Mammo use

A

Moving grid

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57
Q

Grid ratio for Mammo

A

3:1 - 5:1

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58
Q

How to determine magnification factor

A

SID/SOD or image size/object size

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59
Q

Benign growth involving the milk ducts

A

Ductal papilloma

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60
Q

Eight bits equals what

A

One byte

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61
Q

In positioning for the XCCL projection, if the shoulder is in the way of compression what do you do

A

Use a 5degree lateral tube angulation

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62
Q

In the CC, the pectoral muscle is seen what percent of the time

A

30%-40% of the time

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63
Q

Montgomery glands are specialized what glands

A

Sebaceous glands

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64
Q

Noncancerous tumor - solid lump

A

Fibroadenoma

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65
Q

A form of carcinoma associated with changes in the nipple

A

Paget’s disease

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66
Q

The inframammory fold is at the level of what rib

A

6th & 7th rib

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67
Q

When evaluation the SMPTE or AAPM TG18 QC test patterns for Review Workstation QX, what does the lighting need to be at

A

20-45 lux

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68
Q

Surgical removal of the breast to reduce the risk of cancer

A

Prophylactic mastectomy

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69
Q

Where does the coopers ligaments attach

A

Anteriorly attach to the fascia of the skin

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70
Q

Immediately behind the nipple, there is a widened area of the collecting duct called the what

A

Lactiferous sinus

71
Q

Postmenopausal obesity is associated with what

A

A relatively high risk of developing breast cancer

72
Q

Approximately how many women will be diagnosed with invasive breast cancer each year

A

268,600

73
Q

The age of a woman undergoing HRT is likely to be what age

A

More than 40 years old

74
Q

A side effect of tamoxifen treatment is what

A

Uterine Cancer

75
Q

Antiestrogen drugs, such as tamoxifen, can be used to
1. Slow or stop the growth of cancer
2. Prevent breast cancer in high risk women
3. Prevent the reoccurrence of breast cancer

A

1, 2, 3

76
Q

The most common immunohistochemical tumor marker is what

A

Estrogen receptor positive

77
Q

Which of the following are side effects of radiation treatment
1. Loss of appetite
2. Fatigue
3. heaviness of the breast

A

All 3

78
Q

Whaat are contraindications for lumpectomy

A

Previous lumpectomy
Multiple cancer sites in one breast
Large tumors in a small breast

79
Q

Which of the following is a name given to the clear fluid that can sometime form and a complication to the mastectomy procedure

A

Seroma

80
Q

What features of the high transmission cellular grid allow these grids to maintain quality or less radiation doses to the patient compared with linear grids

A

They have copper as the strips and air as the interspace material

81
Q

The general criteria to pass the new American College of radiology – digital mammography phantom require a minimum of what masses

A

Two masses

82
Q

To get a meaningful analysis the repeat analysis needs a patient volume of a at least how many patients

A

250

83
Q

Mammography facilities can receive certifications from which of the following
ACR
FDA
States as certifiers

A

FDA and state as certifiers

84
Q

Aluminum filtration is likely to be matched with what kind of targets

A

Tungsten

85
Q

Function of the filter in mammography is to remove what

A

Photon energy is higher or lower than the range needed for breast imaging

86
Q

Aluminum can be used as the filtration, and what kind of tubes with what kind of targets

A

Digital breast tubes with tungsten targets

87
Q

Which of the following is a system that can be used to store 12 months or more of image data and can retrieve the data within a few minutes

A

Redundant array of independent discs RAID

88
Q

Which of the following is included in a workflow plan for a technologist?
A. Determining whether a lesion requires biopsy
B. Completed the medical audit.
C. Retrieving the results of a prior examination for a patient.
D. Monitoring the radiation output of the unit.

A

C

89
Q

When transmitting mammography images, the compression required is termed

A

Lossless compressing

90
Q

What is the maximum possible score for each test object in the ACR phantom?

A

Six

91
Q

Most mobile margins of the breast are the what

A

Lateral and inferior aspects

92
Q

Hormone replacement therapy could be recommended to
1. Relieve insomnia symptoms
2. Prevent osteoporosis.
3. Reduce weight gain.

A

One and two only

93
Q

A benign self-limiting breast tumor that is a result of new disorganized. Cell growth is what

A

Hamartoma

94
Q

An overgrowth of cells lining the ducts is termed what

A

Hyperplasia

95
Q

In the ark method of localization, the arc is drawn with the radius of the arc from where to the lesion

A

The nipple

96
Q

if any breast tissue is poorly damaged on the MLO projection, it is likely to be what

A

Medial

97
Q

In general, when imaging tall, thin patients, the angulation is adjusted to what

A

Close to 60°

98
Q

An infusaport can be used to what

A

Allow repeated access to the Venus system

99
Q

The results from which of the following tech techniques is often used to reduce the amount of lymph nodes removed during a check for breast cancer spread

A

Sentinel node mapping

100
Q

An ultrasonography the term acoustic enhancement refers to what

A

The amount of sound passing through an anechoic structure

101
Q

What do you use to calculate the horizontal vertical in depth of non-palpable lesions

A

Stereotactic breast localization

102
Q

Which biopsy technique is most accurate

A

Open surgical biopsy

103
Q

Which biopsy technique often requires the presence of a cytological technologist

A

Fine needle biopsy

104
Q

What is a lesion that mostly occurs in the terminal ductile lobular unit units when the extra lobular terminal ducts becomes blocked

A

Cyst

105
Q

What are some advantages of a single track tubes?

A

More reliable and less expensive to manufacture and allow shorter exposure time

106
Q

What is the term used to describe the hormone therapy used by women who still have a uterus?

A

Hormone replacement therapy

107
Q

Approximately how many cases of male breast cancer were diagnosed in the US recently

A

3000

108
Q

Dystrophic calcifications are often identified as what

A

Course heterogeneous calcifications

109
Q

What is pectus carinatum

A

Prominent sternum

110
Q

In the tube, what material is usually used for the exit port window?

A

Beryllium

111
Q

Which breast cancer accounts for approximately 10% of breast cancer and it’s difficult to perceive on radiographs in may cause architectural distortion or skin reaction

A

Invasive lobular carcinoma

112
Q

The process where multiple images are created in projection sizes that are reconstructed into a 3-D volume by the computer is called what

A

DBT

113
Q

How many orifices are found on the nipple?

A

15 to 20

114
Q

Which surgery removed skin and fat from the abdomen back and Botox and uses those to form a new breast

A

Autologous tissue or flap surgery

115
Q

What is a technique that is used during an open surgical biopsy where part of lesion are removed for biopsy?

A

Incisional biopsy

116
Q

What is the first line of treatment for triple negative breast cancer

A

Chemotherapy

117
Q

A radiation treatment that usually begins one month after the surgery is what

A

External beam radiation

118
Q

Apart from the ACR, what are the states accreditation bodies in the United States?

A

Arkansas
Iowa
Texas

119
Q

What are state certifiers?

A

Illinois
South Carolina
Texas
Iowa

120
Q

There are how many equip questions

A

Three

121
Q

What comprehensive evaluation test must be performed on the unit before clinical test

A

Mammography equipment evaluation

122
Q

The structure at the beginning of the ductal system is called what

A

TDLU

123
Q

What are the two layers of tha acini

A

Myoepithelial and epithelial

124
Q

Which layer of the acini rests on the basement membrane

A

Myoepithelial layer

125
Q

What is the main arteries supplying the breast?

A

Internal mammory artery

126
Q

Which agency has established procedures for the application approval, evaluation, and withdrawal of the certification

A

FDA

127
Q

What is the main drainage of blood from the breast?

A

Internal mammary vein

128
Q

Lymphatic drainage from the breast goes mainly to wear

A

Axillary nodes of the ventral and lateral breast

129
Q

Where does the lymph drain to initiate cross mediastinal drainage?

A

Internal mammary nodes

130
Q

What is an image storage device?

A

RAID

131
Q

In digital imaging, a graph of the optical density (receptor exposure) range to the log of relative exposure is a what kind of response

A

Linear

132
Q

In the new 2018 ACR Digital Mammography Quality Control Manual, the approved accreditation phantom has a total of what

A

6 specks
6 fibers
6 masses

133
Q

Keratosis if demonstrates on the mammogram as a what

A

Sharply outlined multilobulated lesion

134
Q

The advantages of a quality assurance program, such as the Mammography Quality Standards Act, includes all except which
- increased efficiency
- cost effectiveness
- ability to manipulate the final image
- improved patient satisfaction

A

Ability to manipulate the final image

135
Q

What has a protein receptor that controls how the breast cells divide and repair themselves

A

HER2/neu aggressive cancers

136
Q

Scanning the breast to locate a cancer on basis of the vast amount of glucose used by cancer cells is the technique used in what type of imaging

A

Positron emission mammography imaging

137
Q

Evaluations, such as the mammography equipment evaluation, is performed by the who

A

Medical physicist

138
Q

What is a disadvantage of lossless compression

A

Transmission times can be too long

139
Q

Skin thickening can be malignant but could also be caused by nonmalignant factors, such as what

A

Sarcoidosis

140
Q

What is sarcoidosis

A

Growth of collections of inflammatory cells (granulomas)

141
Q

The method of locating the lymph nodes through which cancer is spreading from the breast is called what

A

Lymphoscintigraphy

142
Q

What is lossless compression vs lossy

A

Lossless - A data compression technique that preserves all of the original file data, resulting in a smaller file.

Lossy - reduces file size by removing part of the original file

143
Q

An overgrowth of cells in the ducts or lobules

A

Epithelial hyperplasia

144
Q

Benign milk filled cyst

A

Galactocele

145
Q

A beryllium window on the xray tube enhances contrast by

A

Transmitting more low energy photons

146
Q

Functional milk producing units of the breast are contained within the

A

Lobules

147
Q

What is the ampulla in the breast

A

Reservoir for milk, connects to lactiferous sinus

148
Q

During lactation, the contraction of which cells helps eject milk from the alveoli

A

Myoepithelial cells

149
Q

Epithelial layers of TDLU from inner to outer

A

Epithelial cells
Myoepithelial cells
Basal surface
Basement membranes
Interlobular connective tissue

150
Q

What is used as a treatment for estrogen dependent tumors in postmenopausal and premenopausal women

A

Tamoxifen

151
Q

Thin supportive layer located between the basal surface of the epithelium and the connective tissue layer of the lobule

A

Basement membrane

152
Q

Dimples skin condition seen in cases of lymphatic edema of the breast is called what

A

Paeu d’orange

153
Q

The interspace material of the mammography linear grid is generally made of

A

Carbon or wood

154
Q

According to the EQURP mandate by the FDA, which of the following is a true statement
A. Each breast center must have a written policy for corrective action when images are of poor quality to show the MQSA inspector
B. Documentation is not required for corrective action when images are a poor quality.
C. The policy for the lead interpreting physician oversight of QA/QC records must be a written policy
D. Written documentation of the required clinical image review of each RT and IP done at least annually is required.

A

D

155
Q

Where are coopers ligaments located

A

Transverse at the inferior of the breast

156
Q

For the compression thickness indication QC test, what is the performance criterion

A

Must be accurate to within .5 cm

157
Q

What causes a seroma

A

Trauma, injury or surgery

158
Q

Higher optical density means what

A

Appears whiter on the mammogram / higher density

159
Q

In the CC position, what technique is used to minimize skin folds in the lateral aspect of the breast

A

Arm hanging relaxed on the side being imaged with the humerus externally rotated

160
Q

A condition where the chest protrudes outward from the body, causing the breast tissue to extend laterally under the arms is called what

A

Barrel chest

161
Q

If a tube has a single track, what is that single track likely to be made of

A

Tungsten

162
Q

The repeat rate should should be analyzed if the rate changes from the previous measure rate by more than

A

Within 2 points

163
Q

A benign inflammatory condition of the lactiferous duct leading to nipple discharge, inversion or periareolar sepsis is called what

A

Ductal ectasia

164
Q

What physicist test is performed to verify the SNR of the detector is consistent

A

AEC

165
Q

The x-ray failed and Lightfield must be within what percent of the SID for any edge

A

2%

166
Q

Paddle must not extend more than what percent of the SID beyond the wall edge of the detector

A

One percent

167
Q

Is there a grid on the magnification platform?

A

No

168
Q

TFT array is part of indirect or direct

A

Direct

169
Q

CCD array is part of indirect or direct

A

Indirect

170
Q

Phantom pass criteria

A

2 fibers
3 specks
2 masses

171
Q

Repeat rate needs to be what

A

2%-5%

If changes more than 2%, explanation requires

172
Q

Radiologist reading room lux

A

Les than 5 - 1 or 2 preferred

173
Q

The period of time before the breast cancer becomes clinically evident

A

Sojourn time

174
Q

Simple cyst vs complex cyst

A

Simple is black hole on US
Complex has a solid component or debris within the fluid sac

Mammo Boards (2 decks)

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