Book 8 Drivers training manual Flashcards by Mike Cunningham

Book 8 What Vehicle Code Sections apply to the L.A.F.D. Driver?

21055 and 21056 No exemptions exist during non-emergency operations,

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Book 8 Drivers license requirements Application for commercial license - DL 44c Medical certificate - DL 51A Certification of driving experience - DL 170

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Book 8 In the event of serious injury or death, phone city attorney within ___ hours

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Book 8 FORM GENERAL 88 - AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENT REPORT WHEN - - Anytime a person or property, including domesticated animals, is involved, or when any member sustains injury, due to a vehicular accident, even if no third party is involved. WHO- - By the driver of the vehicle.

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Book 8 FORM GENERAL 84B (WITNESS CARD) WHEN - - Anytime a Form General 88 is used.

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Book 8 F-225 (RED LETTERHEAD) WHEN - - For any accident where Fire Department property only is involved and there are no injuries. Also when involved with non-domesticated animals. WHO - - Made out by the driver of the apparatus and also by the Commanding officer, if at the scene of the accident.

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Book 8 F-150 (ACCIDENT REPORT) WHEN - - For all accidents where the Fire Department is involved. WHO - - Made out by an LAFD investigating officer, Who is usually a Battalion Chief from a nearby battalion.

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Book 8 F-80 (STORES REQUISITION) WHEN - - For any accident involving damage to apparatus, no matter how slight.

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Book 8 In the diesel engine, there is continuous combustion during the entire length of the power stroke, and pressure resulting from combustion remains approximately constant throughout the stroke. Because of these facts, the cycle of the gasoline engine is often referred to as having constant-______ combustion while the diesel cycle is said to have constant-______ combustion.

volume pressure

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Book 8 The following limitations must be overcome when a gasoline or diesel engine is used to power apparatus: The engine must be rotating to develop horsepower. It rotates in one direction only. It must be operated within the limits of the effective torque range.

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Book 8 The drive train components (also referred to as the power train) allow apparatus to be utilized in a number of capacities. Such as driving, pumping, and aerial ladder operations. The purpose of the power train is to transmit the power of the engine to the drive wheels.

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Book 8 The flywheel stores up energy of rotation when the instantaneous torque on the crankshaft is greater than average, and releases this energy when the torque is less than average.

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Book 8 By means of the clutch, the operator can harness the power of the engine, by connecting or disconnecting the engine from the power train. This is essential for starting the engine, allowing the vehicle to stand motionless while the engine is running, gradual engagement of the engine to the power train, and for allowing gear ratios to be changed to meet varying road conditions. It is very important that the clutch is not allowed to slip for more than about 1-1/2 seconds.

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Book 8 The purpose of the clutch brake is to stop the rotation of the gears in the road transmission. REMEMBER ! THE CLUTCH BRAKE IS DESIGNED-TO STOP THE GEARS IN THE TRANSMISSION WHEN THE CLUTCH PEDAL IS FULLY DEPRESSED.

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Book 8 apparatus are plugged in and maintaining engine coolant temperature above ___ degrees F.

120 F

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Book 8 If push rod travel is the same or greater than the figure given on the chart for “maximum push rod travel,” request a brake adjustment by notifying the Shops. Slack adjuster lever should never go beyond ___ degrees.

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Book 8 Heavy Apparatus: (____ cubic inches or over) shall be lubricated and receive an oil change at 2,000 miles or four months, whichever occurs first. The oil filter shall be changed every 12 months. volume 3 says oil change 4,000 miles

465 cubic inches

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Book 8 Engine Tune-up, every-12,000 miles. 2. Transmission maintenance, every 20,000 miles. Appointments should be made approximately ___ miles before the actual mileage is recorded on the odometer.

500

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Book 8 Transmission fluid check 1. If it felt cool (about room temperature) the level should be (1/8 to 3/8”) below the “ADD” mark. The dipstick has two dimples below the “ADD” mark to show this range. 2. If it felt warm, the level should be close to the “ADD” mark ‘(either above or below). 3. If it was too hot to hold, the level should be at the “FULL” mark. Add just enough DEXTRON II fluid to fill the transmission to the proper level. It takes only one pint to raise the level from *ADD” to “FULL” with a hot transmission.

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Book 8 The automatic transmission is connected to the engine by a fluid coupling or torque converter instead of a clutch assembly. It is important that the operator of heavy apparatus with an automatic transmission properly control the apparatus by using proper shifting techniques.

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Book 8 The torque converter serves two primary functions. First, it acts as a fluid coupling to smoothly connect engine power through oil to the transmission gear train. Second, it multiplies the torque, or twisting effort, from the engine when additional performance is desired.

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Book 8 Transmission Torque Converter The converter consists of 3 elements: Pump, stator and turbine. The converter provides maximum torque when load conditions demand. oil for converter charging pressure comes from the sump and is supplied by the transmission oil pump.

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Book 8 Transmission Lockup Clutch The lockup clutch consists of a single clutch plate, back plate and piston located between the converter turbine assembly and the transmission flywheel assembly (or converter drive housing), The lockup clutch plate is splined to the hub of the converter turbine assembly. Then the lockup clutch is applied, the turbine and the converter pump are locked together and rotate as a unit. Engine output is then directed to the transmission gearing at a speed ratio of 1:1; bypassing the torque converter. Lockup occurs in all forward gears, but not in reverse or neutral.

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Book 8 Transmission Planetary Gearing The planetary gear train is made up of four (4) constant mesh, straight spur gear planetary sets. The forward set is arranged for direct drive and is called the splitter planetary. The three rear sets are intermediate- low-, and reverse-range planetaries. By the engagement of the clutches in various combinations, the planetary sets act singly or together to provide four (4) forward speeds and one (1) reverse.

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Book 8 Transmission Clutches The clutches direct the flow of torque through transmission in accordance with gear selected. All clutches are hydraulically applied, spring released, and oil cooled. The friction surfaces are sintered bronze against steel. Any wear is automatically compensated. Thus, no adjustment is ever necessary except when rebuilding the transmission.

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Book 8 Transmission Hydraulic System A single, pressurized hydraulic system serves the converter and transmission. Oil for the hydraulic operations, lubrication and cooling comes from the sump and is supplied by the same pump. Although your ALLISON Transmission is rugged in design, certain precautions and procedures must be follows to insure long, trouble-free service.

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Book 8 Transmission Towing or Pushing NOTE: THE ENGINE CANNOT BE STARTED BY TOWING OR PUSHING. BEFORE TOWING OR PUSHING BEYOND A FEW BLOCKS, THE DRIVELINE MUST BE DISCONNECTED.

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Book 8 Universal Joints A universal joint is a flexible coupling between two shafts that permits one shaft to drive another at an angle to it. This unit is necessary to provide flexibility in the power train as the vehicle travels over uneven surfaces

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Book 8 Slip Joints As the vehicle travels over uneven ground, the distance between the transmission and the rear-end varies.

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Book 8 Propeller Shaft Also known as Drive shaft, or Drive line. This device carries the torque from the transmission to the rear-end.

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Book 8 Final Drive Its function is to change the direction of the power that is transmitted by the propeller shaft through 90 degrees to the driving axles. A common final drive ratio for L.A.F.D. apparatus is, 4.11 to 1, That is approximately four revolutions of the propeller shaft to one revolution of the rearwheels

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Book 8 Differential The differential is the unit that allows the axles to turn at different speeds from each other while still pulling the apparatus.

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Book 8 Live Axles A live axle is one that supports part of the weight of the vehicle and also drives the wheels connected to it. The term "live axle" is opposed to the term "dead axle". A dead axle is one that carries part of the weight of the vehicle but does not drive the wheels.

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Book 8 Heavy apparatus, ambulances, and pick-up trucks (rated above 3/4 ton), generally have Full floating drive axles. This type of live axle assembly is for heavy duty use. The wheels are not attached directly to the end of the axles, but are attached to a hub. The hub rides on the axle housing through wheel bearings. The stress caused by turning, skidding, and shock are applied directly to the axle housing, which is designed to carry heavy loads.

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Book 8 In traffic stay in the highest gear that allows the apparatus to keep up with traffic and still have some power in reserve for acceleration. When cruising choose a gear that will cruise the engine at ____ to ____ RPM lower than the ninety percent speed. This reduces engine wear, power losses caused by the fan drive-line, and accessories, noise, and fuel consumption.

200 to 300

Book 8 Although the transmissions used by the LAFD are true automatic transmissions they will give much better performance!!!, smoother operation!!!, and more longevity!!! if they are operated as if they were a "clutchless" manual shift transmission. Automatic transmission used by the LAFD are adjusted for optimum full throttle shifts. The light throttle shifts may seem to be harsh or slightly severe.

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Book 8 Under no circumstances allow your apparatus to coast in neutral. When coasting in neutral or being towed with the drive shaft connected, the rear wheels become the driving force, therefore causing the planetary gears in the transmission to overdrive. In addition, coasting in neutral does not allow the engine to help slow the apparatus. (This is an illegal operation.)

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Book 8 Improper downhill driving can be-devastating to engine parts. When descending, the driver will often downshift to control speed and to avoid excessive use of the brakes. What actually happens is that the load is pushing the vehicle downhill and the governor cannot control engine speed. The wheels are turning the driveshaft and the engine. Drivers should select a lower gear when descending, remain in that gear at all times and use a combination of brakes and gears to prevent over-speeding the engine.

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Book 8 An apparatus pre-check should be performed each morning at relief, or any other time during the day when a change of relief is required and after each incident when the apparatus or its equipment is used.

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Book 8 check the engine oil level. This should be done while the engine is warm, but at least ____ minutes after the engine is shut down. Oil level should be maintained to capacity as indicated on dip stick. It is just as important not to overfill or have too much oil, as it is to have too little. Both high and low levels can cause aeration, that could lead to serious engine damage.

five (5)

Book 8 Brake Fade Improper use or excessive braking will cause the brakes to heat up. "Brake fade" is one of the worst consequences of heat due to excessive, braking. As heat builds up, the lining on the brake shoes begin to melt. As it melts, it turns to liquid that lubricates the space between the shoes and the drum causing the brake drums to glaze. This same heat will cause the drums to expand causing the brake shoes to travel farther to reach the brake drum. It will be necessary to increase pedal pressure in order to stop or slow the vehicle.

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Book 8 Average weight of a truck is 24 tons. Average height of a truck is 10 feet, 6 inches. Average width of newer trucks and triples is 9 feet, 9 inches. Average length of a truck is 52 feet. Excessive rear overhang on older trucks (approx. 15 feet from tiller wheel).

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Book 8 Enclosed Cabs Reduced overhead visibility. Increased number of "blind spots" due to vertical posts. Reduced ability to communicate with members. Reduced night time visibility due to instrument and exterior light glare. Captain unable to stand up to check for obstructions . Lowered perception of actual road speed. Van type rescue ambulances create their own blind spots.

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Book 8 Traveling faster than usual saves only a few seconds while increasing the chance of an accident. Rather than driving to an incident at-an excessive speed, it is better to know your first in district and know the shortest and safest route from your location to the incident.

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Book 8 The professional driver who gets behind the wheel demonstrates the following characteristics: Good courtesy Acceptance of responsibility Consideration for others, including vehicle occupants Good judgment Alertness Foresight Good attitude toward other highway users and traffic laws.

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Book 8 Some people are generally unfit to drive because habitually wrong attitudes or emotional weaknesses make them poor risks as drivers. Individual Differences Egotist Show-off Over-Emotional Focus Fixation

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Book 8 PSYCHOLOGICAL MAKE-UP OF A TOP-NOTCH DRIVER Acceptance of Responsibility Good Judgment Controlled Attention Foresight Alertness

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Book 8 A good rule of thumb to help determine how far away to stop from the vehicle in front of you, is to be able to see the rear tires of the car in front.

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Book 8 Wheel lockup is also more likely when pumping the brakes, especially disc brakes, on slick roads because the brakes do not release immediately when the pedal is released. By immediately pushing the brake pedal back down the driver can actually induce brake lockup.

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Book 8 The greater the tread depth the less likely the vehicle is to hydroplane.

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Book 8 While only 30% of all accidents happen at night, 47% of all fatal accidents occur at night.

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Book 8 Lights can be used on the high beam position to facilitate night vision, but they must be dimmed at least ____ feet ahead of an approaching vehicle and ___ feet behind a vehicle you are following.

500 300

Book 8 It takes ____ as long to stop on a wet street as it does to stop on a dry one.

twice

Book 8 As a driver, your best aid in backing heavy apparatus is your safety spotter(s). Non-emergency backing should never take place without the assistance of this vitally important person(s).

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Book 8 If an alarm is received while backing into quarters, back apparatus off of the street and start the new response from quarters. Stopping the backing operation in the street to respond to another incident is confusing to the apparatus operators, traffic control personnel and particularly to civilian motorists.

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Book 8 If no one is immediately available to assist the driver in backing the vehicle, the driver shall get out of the vehicle, check the back of the vehicle and the area to be used for the procedure. In this situation the vehicle should only be moved if the vehicle or its occupants are in immediate danger or it is absolutely safe to do so.

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Book 8 Through proper action, most collisions can be avoided. There are three things a driver can do to avoid a collision: Braking Accelerating Steering out of the way

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Book 8 Only in rare cases will you want to quickly stab the brake hard, steer, and release the brake to avoid a collision. In most cases, speed should be reduced by the driver removing his foot from the accelerator and then steering.

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Book 8 A rapid collision avoidance maneuver cannot be done efficiently if the driver has to move his hands on the wheel. For this reason, it is recommended that the hands be properly placed at the nine and three positions before the maneuver is attempted.

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Book 8 Tire blowout When the event involves a front tire, the vehicle will have a tendency to pull to the side of the blowout. you should grasp the wheel firmly and attempt to steer only enough to maintain your lane position. Heavy braking will increase the negative handling effects of the blowout, causing the vehicle to react even more violently. Even getting off the accelerator too quickly can have this effect. The proper reaction is to ease off the accelerator slowly, monitoring your action's affect on steering as you do so. Once speed has been reduced to the point where steering can be maintained without much difficulty, you can then slowly begin braking, .still monitoring its effects on steering. Once braking begins, you should signal your intentions and move to a suitable place at the side of the road.

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Book 8 Brake Failure If pumping the brakes does not work, the driver must immediately get the transmission shifted into a lower gear so the engine's compression can be used to help slow the vehicle. Since the parking brake only activates one shoe on each rear drum, stopping distances will be much longer than normal. Additionally, application of the parking brake may cause the rear wheels to skid, so you must continue to steer. If speed must be lost at a faster rate or if brake failure occurs while going down a hill, the driver must consider sideswiping something in an attempt to slough off speed. otherwise, the driver will be out of control if the vehicle is allowed to continue without brakes. Parked cars, guard rail, shrubbery, even a dirt hillside can drain the vehicle of momentum.

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Book 8 The best action for most vehicles with stuck accelerators is to shift the transmission into neutral and get the vehicle off the road and stopped as quickly as possible.

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Book 8 speed is the largest single factor in total stopping distance. If you double your speed, perception-reaction distance is doubled and braking distance will be about four times as great.

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Book 8 When responding, the emergency vehicle should be driven as close to the center of the roadway as possible. This will ensure that: 1. Traffic is more visible to the driver 2. The apparatus will be seen more easily by driver's of oncoming traffic. 3. There will be additional room for maneuvering in heavy traffic and at intersections. 4. Emergency apparatus will be more visible as to initiate oncoming drivers to pull over.

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Book 8 Proper spotting and placement of apparatus is the joint responsibility of all drivers, engineers apparatus operators, tillerman, and officers.

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Book 8 Tread depth: Check for minimum tread depth (4/32 of steering axle tires, 2/32 on all other tires).

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Book 8 Check air compressor governor cut-out pressure Run the engine at a fast idle. The air governor will cause the compressor to cut-out at ____ psi max. (Normal acceptable cut-out range is from ___ to ___ psi).

130 110 to 120

Book 8 Test air leakage rate With a fully-charged system (typically 125 psi), turn off the engine, release all brakes and then apply full steady pressure to the brake pedal (brake on) and hold (for one full minute). After the initial pressure drop, the air pressure should not fall more than: - ___ psi in one minute for single vehicles, or - ___ psi in one minute for combination vehicles.

3 4

Book 8 Test low pressure warning signal With the engine off, low pressure warning device must activate between ____ and ____ psi.

55 and 75

The constant rubbing of brake shoes and pads may result in rapid destruction of disc brake rotors, brake drums, pads and shoes. On most vehicles, vacuum boost begins operation when 10 to 15 pounds of pressure is applied to the actuating shaft of the booster. Because of the mechanical advantage provided by the brake pedal, vacuum may begin applying the brakes with a very small amount of foot pressure and resultant pedal movement. During tests it was noted that from 30 to 60 ounces of foot pressure and less than 1/8 inch pedal movement would initiate braking action. A well worn size 10 left shoe may weigh as much as 25 ounces, requiring very little additional pressure to activate the brakes.

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SKID RECOVERY The five basic rules are: 1. Do not use the brake until steering control has been reestablished. 2. Do not use power. 3. D-Clutch on stick shift cars. 4. Countersteer; that is, turn the front wheels in the direction the rear wheels are skidding. 5. Once steering control has been reestablished a light brake will assist slowing. If he hasn't regained control of the car before it spins 15-25 degrees from the center, he probably will be unable to keep it from spinning completely around.

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Book 8 The spring brakes on subsequent models have three basic functions: 1. To eliminate run -away trucks if they are left unattended and the air in the system leaks below effective holding pressure. 2. It is the emergency means of stopping a truck when service air system failure occurs . (Springs actuate the brakes) 3. The spring action may be used for parking or as a hill -holder. In case of service brake air system failure, the springs apply brakes automatically when brake air pressure is reduced to approximately 60 p.s.i . or less. Since spring action is applying brakes the stopping distance is greater.

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Book 8 Avoid prolonged idling . If the delay is more than ___ minute, turn off the engine . The recommended time for warming up an engine is ___ seconds to ___ minute.

one 30 seconds to one minute

Phase 1 of the department drivers training program includes how many classroom modules?

The department rivers training course should be completed once every?

year

Phase I: Classroom Study and Review Phase II: Driver Training Course and Driving Rodeos

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Members who presently maintain a Class II Drivers License and do not complete the Division Driver Training course and Rodeo with a passing score will be required to complete remedial training and be reexamined within ____ months.

three

Book 8 Newly appointed members will be required to successfully complete both Phase I and II of the Driver Training Program in order to qualify for their initial Class ___ driver's license.

II - Per Book 8 old, current is class B

Safety belts are now available to almost all passenger car occupants. According to National Highway Traffic Safety Administration studies, safety belts are ___ to ___ percent effective in preventing fatalities and injuries.

50 to 65

Book 8 Average weight of a triple is 16 tons. Average weight of a truck is 24 tons. Average height of a triple is 10 feet. Average height of a truck is 10 feet, 6 inches. Average width of newer trucks and triples is 9 feet, 9 inches. Average length of a triple is 27 feet. Average length of a truck is 52 feet. Excessive rear overhang on older trucks (approx. 15 feet from tiller wheel).

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A wet concrete roadway will require approximately ___ to ____ more stopping distance than dry concrete roads.

35% to 40%

All the following are safe driving distances 3 second rule 4 second rule when wet 3 vehicles for every 10 mph

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it will take between ____ to _____ second for the air to reach the brakes after you press the foot pedal.

1/4 to 1

Skidding is "a major factor in one out of every ____ serious accidents”.

four

Color perception - the ability or inability to distinguish colors. One person in ____ has some difficulty in distinguishing certain colors. Defective color vision is about ___ times as frequent in men as women.

20 5

Book 8 Diesel engines At the top of the compression stroke (when pressure is highest), the temperature in the chamber will be about ____ F.

1,000

Tread patterns, are developed to give traction and cornering ability in rain, dirt and other surface variables. Tread patterns remove foreign matter (water, etc.) between the rubber and the road.

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required. By using the three second rule the driver allows the rear bumper of the vehicle in front to pass a stationary object and then counts off three seconds. If the front of your vehicle passes the object before three seconds, you are driving TO CLOSE.

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When following other vehicles on wet roadways, keep at least two vehicle lengths distance for every ten miles per hour of speed between your apparatus and vehicles in front of you.

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The general rule used for this calculation is ____ vehicle lengths for every 10 miles per hour for heavy apparatus and two vehicle lengths for light apparatus.

three

Because of these factors, members driving heavy apparatus should be concerned about emergency stops of apparatus traveling over ___ miles per hour.

Measure yours; if the mid-treads are worn ___ percent or to about one-eighth inch - either buy new tires or get off the road until the hard rain stops.

When the eyes have nothing to look at, they tend to focus at a very short distance (usually about ___ feet).

ten

To determine adequate spacing between you and the vehicle in front of you two factors are considered: _________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

reaction time and stopping time.

Tall buildings, hills, winding roads, blind intersections or heavy brush will reduce siren audibility by as much as \_\_\_\_

two-thirds

What percentage of accidents are backing?

85 percent

Book 8 Aiming high ___ seconds ahead helps you to center yourself well in your lane, to plan your lane changes early and to drive around curves and corners smoothly and confidently. Aiming high, ___ seconds ahead, helps you to anticipate those conflicts which could interrupt your smoothness and compromise your safety.

5 10

Book 8 What will reduce the siren audibility by as much as two-thirds?

Tall buildings hills winding roads blind intersections heavy brush