Book Flashcards
Psychological differences between sexes and other gender-role stereotypes are created and maintained by difference sin socially assigned roles that men & women would rather play.
social-roles hypothesis
Gender role develops during the phallic stage –identify with & emulate same-sex parent
Castration Anxiety → Oedipus Complex (Electra Complex, not as strong).
How does Freud’s psychoanalytic theory explain gender role development
Tendency to become aroused by and vicariously experience emotions of others
What is empathy?
Fearful distress & tendency to withdraw from unfamiliar people/situations
Temprament - What is behavioral inhibition?
Adolescent shyness:
US – rejected by peers
Asian culture – shy/reserved = socially mature
How does culture play a role in the links between temperament and developmental outcomes?
Strong affectional ties that parents feel toward child.
Strongest bonding occurs directly after birth (sensitive period)
What is emotional bonding?
Generally harmonious interactions between 2 people in which participants adjust behavior in response to partner’s actions and emotions
What are synchronized routines?
Use of caregiver as base from which to explore environment/return for emotional support
What is a secure base?
Baby duck’s response to follow mothers/attach to mother during critical period.
What is imprinting?
Innate attribute (product of evolution) that serves function increasing chance of survival for individual and species
What is a preadapted characteristic?
Caregiver capacity to understand infant emotions, motives, and behaviors & take them into account when responding to infant– important contributor to sensitive caregiving
What is insightfulness (in relation to attachment/caregiving)?
Better problem solvers, more complex/creative during play, more (+) and fewer (–) emotions, more attractive to other toddlers as playmates
What are some long-term correlates of secure and insecure attachments?
Inability to form secure attachment bonds with other people
What is reactive attachment disorder?
Socially deprived infants develop abnormally b/c no established attachment to primary caregiver
What is the maternal deprivation hypothesis?
Socially deprived infants develop abnormally b/c little contact w/ companions who respond contingently to social overtures.
What is the social stimulation hypothesis?
Process by which child becomes aware of his/her gender and acquires motives, values, and behaviors considered appropriate for members of that sex.
What is gender typing?
Home and scholastic influences - gender -
What are some subcultural variations in gender typing?
Psychological differences between sexes and other gender-role stereotypes are created and maintained by difference sin socially assigned roles that men & women would rather play.
What is the social-roles hypothesis?
Self referring to erotic thoughts, actions, and orientation
What is sexuality?
Media has influenced the search/openness about sexuality
How have ideas about sexuality changed in recent years?
More than 10% (more than 1 million) of teenage girls become pregnant.
Mother: interrupted education, loss of contact with social life, low-paying job if drops out, not prepared psychologically.
Baby: poorly nourished, used alcohol/drugs during pregnancy, low prenatal care, birth complications, rarely receive support from father.
How common is teenage pregnancy?
What are some consequences for the mother and the baby?
Gender role develops during the phallic stage –identify with & emulate same-sex parent
Castration Anxiety → Oedipus Complex (Electra Complex, not as strong).
How does Freud’s psychoanalytic theory explain gender role development?
Tendency to become aroused by and vicariously experience emotions of others
What is empathy?
Presence of stimuli previously associated w/ aggression evokes aggressive responses
What is the “aggressive-cues” hypothesis?
Twins display very similar trends → biological component! (40–50%)
What has research found regarding the genotype and aggression?
Evocative Genotype/Environment Correlations – evoke response in others that causes aggression
What has research found regarding temperament and aggression?
Passive, non-aggressive cultures that preach harmony. Collectivist cultures.
What are some subcultural variations in aggression?
Residents well connected, neighborly, & monitor events to maintain public order
What is collective efficacy?
Give benefit of doubt to peers rather than quickly assuming their displeasing actions reflect hostile or antisocial intent
What is a benign attribution hypothesis?
Feelings of sympathy/compassion elicited when we experience emotions of distressed other; thought to become important mediator of altruism
What is sympathetic empathic arousal?
Feeling of personal discomfort/distress elicited when experiencing emotions of distressed other; inhibits altruism
What is self-oriented distress?
Verbal encouragement to help, comfort, share, or cooperate with others
What are altruistic exhortations?
Committed compliance – compliance based on child’s eagerness to cooperate with responsive parent who has been willing to cooperate with him/her
Situational compliance –compliance based on parent’s power to control child’s conduct
What is the difference between committed compliance and situational compliance?
Ability to avoid self-condemnation when engaged in immoral behavior by justifying one’s actions as appropriate, minimizing their effects, or blaming others for one’s conduct
What is moral disengagement?
Moral affect, reasoning, and behavior may depend on situation one faces as much as or more than on all internalized set of moral principles (many social-learning theorists believe this)
What is the doctrine of specificity?
Ability to display acceptable conduct by resisting the temptation to commit a forbidden act
What are inhibitory controls?
