Book 4 Obstacles to Unification 1860s

Question 1

In 1864 Napoleon agreed to withdraw troops from Rome, if the capital was moved to where?

Answer 1

From Turin to Florence

Question 2

How did Italians respond to the capital being moved to Florence?

Answer 2

Riots in Turin, 23 deaths

Question 3

What was Austria desperate to keep control of in the 1860s?

Answer 3

Venetia

Question 4

How did Cavour die in June 1861?

Answer 4

Malaria

Question 5

Put the 5 first pm’s in chronological order [1861-66] Minghetti, Ricasoli, La Marmora, Rattazzi, Farini

Answer 5

Ricasoli, Rattazzi, Farini, Minghetti and La Marmora

Question 6

Give two reasons why the first 5 pm’s were weak.

Answer 6

Lack of support from King VE and weak parliamentary discipline

Question 7

Who set up the Society for the Emancipation of Rome in 1862?

Answer 7

Garibaldi

Question 8

Define irredentism.

Answer 8

Italian for ‘unredeemed’. Any movement to reclaim a homeland based on ethnic or historical traditions.

Question 9

Why did Mazzini describe Italy as a sham?

Answer 9

Monarchy, unrepresented masses

Question 10

List FOUR changes across the new Italy.

Answer 10

Unified legal codes, Italian Army, Italian Navy, unified political system

Question 11

What was the Pope’s response to the new Italy?

Answer 11

Syllabus of Errors, criticising changes such as religious tolerance.

Question 12

What was the Pope’s temporal power?

Answer 12

Non religious, ‘worldly’ powers such as tax collection and legal judgement

Question 13

Define fractious cohabitation.

Answer 13

The Pope and Victor Emmanuel both held power in Italy, although not happily together.

Question 14

Why was the Casati Law an issue in the South?

Answer 14

Compulsory primary education could not be easily introduced to the mostly illiterate south.

Question 15

Define Piedmontisation.

Answer 15

The introduction of unified, Piedmontese laws, customs and traditions across Italy.

Question 16

Why was Piedmontisation unpopular? 4 reasons

Answer 16

Big changes, too fast, no local autonomy, no regional consideration.

Question 17

How did Cavour deal with opposition to change in the South?

Answer 17

Crush it with force.

Question 18

How did the education policies, in particular, upset the Catholic church?

Answer 18

Government closed monasteries and convents to pay for the new schools.

Question 19

Why didn’t the jury system work in the South?

Answer 19

The mafia corrupted it. Again, little regional consideration before introducing new policies.

Question 20

Which powerful state was the only one to retain any autonomy from Piedmont in the short term?

Answer 20

Tuscany

Question 21

Who were the Brigands?

Answer 21

Southern bandits that lived in the mountains during Napoleonic Wars

Question 22

Define brigandage.

Answer 22

The life of brigands, usually supported by robbery and plunder.

Question 23

Why was conscription particularly unpopular in the South?

Answer 23

Took young men from the farms.

Question 24

Along with men who were anti-conscription, who else joined the Brigands in the 1860s?

Answer 24

ExBourbon soldiers, convicts, unemployed men

Question 25

How many Brigands had amassed in the South by 1862?

Answer 25

82,000

Question 26

Name FOUR ways that the Brigands were defeated by Piedmont forces in the civil war of 1865.

Answer 26

Executed without trial, burn towns, imprison relatives of suspects, neutrals treated as supporters, censorship

Question 27

What unpopular taxes were introduced to pay for 1859 and Brigand War debt?

Answer 27

Flour tax and Grist (grinding grain) tax

Question 28

Why did land reform, promised by Garibaldi, never happen?

Answer 28

Rich bought up church land, not Piedmont’s priority, peasants who bought land could not afford to modernise

Question 29

Which natural resource did Italy lack to industrialise?

Answer 29

Coal

Question 30

Which tunnel was built to join northern Italy’s railways to France?

Answer 30

Mount Cenis