Book 29 Flashcards
Book 29
Ventilation
What are the four main objectives of ventilation?
Save lives
Assist inn firefighter access
Control the horizontal spread of fire
Reduce the possibility of flashover and backdraft
Book 29
Four main objectives broken down.
- Saves live
Simplifies and expedites rescue operations
Replaces heated smoke with cooler, fresh air - Firefighter access
- Heat is reduces
- Reduces the chances of steam burns
- Rapid extinguishment reduceswater, heat, and smoke damage
- Assist with rescue, salvage, and overhaul operations
- Control the horizontal spread
- Fire, heat, smoke and fire gases travel upward to the highest point of the building, usually the roof or ceiling.
- If not released will bank down and spread laterally. This process is generally known as mushrooming.
- Strip ventilation in conjunction with and offensive ventilation heat hole can help stop the horizontal spread of fire.
- prevents flashover and backdraft.
Book 29
What are the two types of ventilation?
- Horizontal
Removal of heat, smoke, and fire through wall openings such as doors and windows. - vertical
Opening roof or existing openings (skylights, hactch covers, etc.)
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What are the two types of ventilations holes?
Heat hole (offensive) Strip ventilation (defensive)
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Ventilation terminology.
- Center rafter cut.
Technique used when cutting plywood sheathing (4 cuts) - Decking
Material used for base and exterior covering for the roof.
Base material can consist of solid wood sheathing, plywood-type materials, corrugated metal, and other materials. - Diaphram nailing
Plywood sheathing is installed so that the 8’ dimension of the plywood crosse the rafters or joist and the 4’ dimension parallels the rafter or joist.
Sheets of plywood are staggered much like a brick or block wall. - Dicing
Techniques used to cut 1x4 or 1x6 solid, spaced, or diagonally sheathed roofs.
Made parallel to rafters with no concern to locating rafters. - “H” clips
Metal clips used to hold the butted ends of plywood together - Head cut
Made through roof decking
Made perpendicular to rafters
Used to locate rafters - “J” hook
Removal of sheathing is enhanced by a “J” hook motion - Kerf cut
A single cut made through the roof decking, the same width as the saw blade.
An alternative to smoke indicator - Nailing blocks
Usually made from 2x4 pieces of wood laid flat between rafters to provide a nailing surface for the edge of the plywood sheathing.
Plywood normally used is 4x8 in size, a nailing block will usually be found every 4 feet. - plug cut
Small triangular piece of roof covering (composition), which removed from the roof to expose the roof sheathing
Used to determine sheathing type and roof composition thickness. - Score cut
Light cut of the roof covering, usually composition only.
A score cut is used to facilitate the removal of multiple layers of roofing material (composition) - Skim cut
Light cut made with the chain saw, cutting through the roof covering and plywood sheathing
The saw is not inserted deep enough to cut through the rafters
You skim ober the top of the rafters - Ventilators
If working correctly , leave them alone
A turbine style is about 30% more effective when spinning
Book 29
Building contstruction
Convention construction
Size=strength
Structural members may be 8x8 9nches for strength
Book 29
Building contstruction
Lightweight constrcution
- Individual member dependant on total sum of the other members
- Compression/tenssion= strength
- Lightweight truss span up to 70 feet in length and may be comprised of 2x4’s in compression and tension
- lightweight construction is vastly different due to truss construction that depends on the sum total of members for strength
Book 29
Roof styles
Gable roof characteristics
- Ridge board and rafters that cross the outside walls
- Additional support is provided by collar beams and ceiling joist
- Spaced up to 36 inches “on center” for steep pitched roofs
- 2x6 rafters or larger
- Spacing 16”-24” on center
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Bowstring arch
- Used in the 1930’s, 40’s, and 50’s
- 2” x 12” or 14”
- 2x6” rafters
- Straight Sheathing: used prior to 1933
- Diagola Sheathing: used after 1933
- Fails in sections
- Earthquaking: Plywood over decking, metl straps and supports
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Lamella arch
- Egg crate gemetric deisgn
- Solidly built- 2x12” framing
- 1x6” decking
- Will use internal tie rods
- 20% of the roof removed by fire, you can expect total collapse in the domino effect
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Tied truss arch
- Uses metal tie rods usually 5/8”, with turnbuckle below each arched member. Prevents pushing on exterior walls
- Identification: Rods passing through wall plates
- 2x12” top cord with 2x10” rafter
- Hazards: failure of metal tie rods
- Tension: Tie rods are in tension
- Failure: will fail in section or total collapse
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Saw tooth
- Commercial buildings with windows to yield lighting
- 2x8” rafters
- 1x6” decking or 1/2” plywood on newer buildings
- Ventilation: hinged panes of glass
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Wooden I beams
- Stem is 3/8” plywood with 2x3” or 2x4” top/bottom cords
- spacing: spacing is 24” with nailing blocks spaced 4 feet apart
- Strengths: consider the perimeter of the building where the roof ties into the exterior walls a strong area
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Open web
- 1-2 inch cold rolled steel
- Spans up to 70’ are possibl using a single 2x4” or two 2x3’s as top and bottom cord
- Single 2x4 up to 70 feet with finger jpints
- Spacing: 24” on center
- Strengths: Consider the permimeter of the building where the roof ties into the exterior walls as a strong area.
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Metal gusset plate
- 2x4” trusses held together with metal gussest plate connectors
- up to 80 feet
- 3/8” or 1/2” plywood
- Strengths: Strong area to be where the trusses cross (canteliver applications) or terminate on the outside bearing walls
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Panelized
- Laminated beams 6x36”
- spans: 12-40 feet, can be bolted to excess of 100 feet
- Purlins: 4x12” spaced 8 feet apart
- Rafters: 2x4” spaced 24 inches
- stengths: beams, purlins, perimiter
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Open web bar joist
- 1/8” steel with 5/8” steel bar
- Used as girders spaced up to 45 feet
- steel may lose its strength at 1000 degrees
- Some have 2x4 joist with 1/2” plywood
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Lightweight concrete roof
- (Robertson decking) 4x4” or 6x6”
- Wire mesh with corrugate metal
- use rotary saw with diamond blade or carbide tip blade no masonary
- Strengths: lightweight concrete roofs offer a strong, hard surface. They are structurally sound and resistant to fire
Book 29
Construction
- Corrugated
Substructure of wood or steel
Covered with steel, aluminum or fiberglass
Steel loses strength at 10,000 and aluminum or fiberglass offers little resistance to fire
Roof ventilation operations on these buildings should be considered extremely dangerous - Metal beam
Sub structure of steel beams, usually coated with a spray on fire retardant material. - Tilt up
Concrete slab tilted up in place
Light weight walls
Light weight roofs
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Construction
Pre 33
- Weak due to no cement, just lime
- ro rebar is used
- walls: 13” thick with straight decking
- Kings row every 4 to 7 rows
- Parapets: 3 to 5 feet tall
- Floors: “let” into the exterior walls
- Roof and floor joist are “fire cut” (ends cut on an angle) will collapse into the exterior.
Book 29
Construction
Post 33
- Revised building codes due to long beach earthquake
- joist and rafters are anchored to exterior walls with ledger board, with metal hangers
- cement and rebar was added
- diagonal roof sheathing added
Walls must be atleast 9 inches thick
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Construction
Post 59
- 4 to 6 inch concrete bond beams were added
- parapet walls were limited to 16 inches tall
- exterior walls are drilled at roof with steel anchors every 4 feet attached to rafters
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Construction
Post 71
- Anchoring walls to floor and the roof
- plywood roofs required and metal straps 1/3 length of building from front to rear
Book 29 Construction
Bungalow
- Rough cut rafters 2x4” or 2x3” Ridge board are optional
- Classified as an old type lightweight roof due to age, termites, multi layers of comp on the roof will affect atability
Book 29 Construction
Balloon
- Does not utilize horizontal fire bloking in the walls or plates between floors
- Quickly assist travel of fire spread up the walls and into the attic
Book 29 Constuction
Knob and tube wiring
- Suspended wires on ceramic insulators
- Wires pass through ceramic tubes that run through studs and joist
- Eliminate electrical service to involved structures
Book 29 Construction
Curtain construction
- Pre fab panels, steel beams, lightweight concrete bolted together
- sheet metal or aluminum outriggers attach the beams
- about 60% faster than conventional construction
- Steel exposed to fire or heat loses integrity at 1000 degrees, aluminum faster
- Glass panels and exterior panels will fail due to metal brackets identification of this type of construction is facilitated by:
Pre fire planning
Recognize the “cube” or “smooth” look
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Smoke removal
What are the two methods to ventilation?
- Natural
2. Mechanical
Book 29 Ventilation
Pressure ventilation
- Pressure through blowers force air out
- exit through pre-selected and/or controlled openings
- reduce the time necessary to ventilate a building when compared to natural ventilation operations
Reference
Book 29 Ventilation
Two types or pressurized ventilation
Disadvantage of negative ventilation:
- Personnel exposed to hazardous contaminants
- Increased maintenance
- Blowers block door ways
- Must be placed in windows or suspended in doorways
- Not effective removing top of room contaminants
Positive pressure: - Force clean, fresh, pressurized air inside building and create a positive pressure (similar to blowing up a balloon) inside building. Positive pressure rquires: - Proper opening and exhaust - airflow between openings - weather conditions - Training - Communications
Reference
Book 29 Ventilation
Exhaust opening must be ___ - ___ the size of the entrance
3/4 - 1 3/4
Book 29 Ventilation
Positive pressure ventilation effective against ___ winds
25MPH
Book 29 Ventilation
Removing house screens will increase ventilation by ___%
50%
Book 29 Elevators
What are the two type of elevators?
Cable/electric (cable drum or Traction)
Hydraulic
Book 29 Elevators
Cable drum type are limted to how many feet?
150 feet
It is older style and no longer manufactured
Book 29 Elevators
Traction type are used for higher lifts and greater speeds.
Reference
Book 29 Elevators
Hydraulic elevators are usually limited to how many stories?
6 stories
Book 29 Elevators
Where are equipment rooms located?
Roof for old style traction
Lower level of the building or 50 to 100 feet from shaft
Book 29 Elevators
What are the 4 basic types of car doors and the two parts of the door when opening?
Swing hall door
Two speed
Single slide
Center opening door
Inner door (car door) Outer car door (hoistaway door)
Book 29 Elevators
What are gib blocks?
Plastic of phenolic material 3” wide 1” high and 1/2” thick
Installed 18” across underside of door panel
Book 29 Elevators
When a car travels in excess of ___% of top speed, the governor will activate a safety stop device)
20% of top speed
Book 29 Elevators
Atleast how many seconds should the power be off to reset the elevator computer?
30 seconds
Book 29 Elevators
Hydraulic elevators and aome cable elevators, the hoistaway doors will open if the elevator is either ___” above or below the floor level?
6”
Book 29 Elevators
On Cable some elevators, the hoistaway doors will open if the elevator is either ___” above or below the floor level?
18”
Book 29 Elevators
Pick up arm or bayonet
Located on the hoistway door and actuates the door roller that operates the door latch.
14” long on a hydraulic elevators and 36” long on cable elevators
Reference
Book 29 Water Utilities
Residential gas lines are approximately how many psi?
1/3 psi
Book 29 Rescue air cushion
How many feet are the bags rated to?
100 feet
70 feet
Book 29 Rescue air cushion
How long should you wait to let the air cushion re inflate after someone has jumped?
20 seconds
Book 29 Rescue air cushion
How many cells is the air cushion made of?
2
Book 29 Rescue air cushion
When is the air cushion inspected?
After use and monthly
Book 29 Rescue air cushion
What is the size of the 70 foot bag and how long does it take to inflate?
Size- 15’x20’
Inflates in one minute
8 feet tall
Weighs 190lbs
Book 29 Rescue air cushion
What is the size of the 100 foot bag and how long does it take to inflate?
Size- 20’x50’
Inflates in one minute
9 feet tall
Weighs 360lbs
Book 29 Portable monitor
How long is the tie down straps?
8 feet in length
Book 29 Portable monitor
Automatic drain when PSI drops below how many psi?
5 PSI
Book 29 Portable monitor
Secure to an object capable of withstanding how many pounds of force?
900 lbs of force
Book 29 Portable monitor
Turn the elevation hand wheel to make sure the elevation of the nozzle is above the 35 degree safety stop.
Reference
