book 1 Chapter 6–10 Flashcards
what is the chief aim of political oratory?
Utility
How does Aristotle define goodness?
That which ought to be chosen for its own sake
Why does Aristotle say that pleasure must be a good thing?
it is the nature of all animals to aim at it
Correspondence theory
- The truth or falsity of a statement is determine only by how it relates to the world and whether it accurately describes the world
- truth corresponds with reality - Proponents: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
Coherence theory
- there is no single set of logical universes but rather an assortment of perspectives
- truth is determined by its coherence with set propositions
- In direct contrast to correspondence theory
- Coherence: the quality of being consistent
consensus theory
- Truth is whatever is agreed-upon by some specified group
- Proponent: Jürgen Habermas
- critic: Nicholas Rescher
Pragmatic theory
- Proponents: Charles Sanders Pierce, William James, John Dewey
- Truth is determined and verified by putting One’s beliefs to the test
- Negative pragmatism: William Ernest Hawking, what works may or may not be true, but what fails cannot be true because the truth always works
- We are never definitely right; we can only be sure we are wrong – Richard Feynman
- not an individual process
How many a thing be accompanied by another?
Simultaneously, subsequently, potentially
how do you determine between two things which is the greater good?
that which is more desirable
Canons of rhetoric
- Invention: Getting ideas
- Arrangement/disposition: Logos; arranging your information to make Your statement more persuasive
- Style: How do you present with your body language
- Memory: reviewing before you speak
- delivery: Practically the same as style; the flair, someone’s voice, and Someone’s word choice
What is the most important qualification for successful persuasion on public affairs?
goodness of goodwill towards others
what are the four forms of government?
- Democracy – form of government under which citizens distribute the offices of state among themselves
- Oligarchy – a small group of people Ruling over all
- Aristocracy - The most educated Are above everyone
- monarchy – one rules all; king ship and tyranny
Chapter 9 is concerned with which division of oratory?
Demonstrative
What is noble?
That which is both desirable for its own good and also praiseworthy
Why is virtue noble?
it is both a good thing and praise worthy; it provides and serves good things
What are the forms of virtue?
justice, courage, temperance, magnificence, magnanimity, Liberality, gentleness, prudence, wisdom
Was Aristotle a proponent of vengeance?
yes, he says it is noble to avenge yourself and not come to terms with your enemies
When making a speech of praise, what must the speaker consider?
The audience
When making a speech of praise, you must prove what about your hero?
his noble acts are intentional
If you cannot find enough good things to say about someone, what should you do? Is this ethical?
Compare him with famous men, not ethical
Chapter 10 is concerned with which division of oratory?
Forensic
What three things must be determined from the outset?
- Nature and number of incentives to wrong doing
- State of mind of wrongdoers
- kinds of people who Were wrong and their condition
How does Aristotle define wrongdoing?
Injury voluntarily inflicted contrary to law
What is the difference between special and general laws?
special - written law which regulates the life of a particular community
General - all unwritten principles which are supposed to be acknowledged everywhere
why do people commit wicked acts?
Vice and lack of self-control
What are the seven causes for any given action?
chance
nature
compulsion
habit
reasoning
anger
appetite
