Bones Of Upper Limb Flashcards
What is the main focus of the image?
Bones of the upper limb.
What type of skeleton is represented in the image?
Appendicular skeleton.
Which part of the body does the image indicate as having bones?
Upper limb.
What other limb is mentioned in the image?
Bones of the lower limb.
What is the relationship between the upper limb and the axial skeleton?
The upper limb is part of the appendicular skeleton, which is distinct from the axial skeleton.
What bones make up the shoulder girdle?
Clavicle and scapula.
What is the bone of the arm?
The humerus.
Which bones are found in the forearm?
Radius (laterally) and ulna (medially).
What bones comprise the hand?
Carpal and metacarpal bones and phalanges.
How many ends does the clavicle have?
Two ends.
What are the two ends of the clavicle called?
Medial (sternal) end and lateral (acromial) end.
What shape is the medial part of the clavicle?
Prismatic.
What is the shape of the lateral part of the clavicle?
Flat from above downwards.
What are the surfaces and borders of the clavicle’s shaft?
Two surfaces (upper & lower) and two borders (anterior & posterior).
What is the orientation of the medial 2/3 of the clavicle?
Convex anteriorly.
What does the lower surface of the clavicle show?
Impression for costoclavicular ligament, subclavius groove, foramen for nutrient artery, conoid tubercle, and trapezoid ridge.
How does the clavicle differ from other long bones?
It has unique structural characteristics.
What type of bone structure does the bone of the upper limb have?
It has no medullary cavity, consisting of a mass of spongy bone covered by compact bone.
How is the bone of the upper limb formed?
It is formed by membranous ossification, making it the first long bone to ossify in the embryo.
What is unique about the orientation of the bone of the upper limb?
It is the only long bone placed horizontally.
What is one function of the bone of the upper limb?
It hangs the upper limb away from the trunk, allowing it to move freely.
How does the bone of the upper limb contribute to weight transmission?
It transmits weight and forces from the upper limb to the axial skeleton.
What does the bone of the upper limb protect?
It protects the vessels and nerves running behind it.
What is the commonest bone to be fractured in the upper limb?
The bone of the upper limb (clavicle).
Where is the most common site for fractures of the bone of the upper limb?
The middle 1/3 of the bone.
What is the shape of the bones of the upper limb?
Prismatic shape.
What are the two ends of the bone labeled in the image?
Sternal end and acromial end.
What is the surface that faces upward called?
Superior surface.
What is the term for the surface that faces downward?
Inferior surface.
What is the shaft of the bone?
The long central part of the bone.
What feature is indicated by the term ‘conoid tubercle’?
A specific bony prominence on the bone.
What does the term ‘impression for costoclavicular ligament’ refer to?
A specific area on the bone for ligament attachment.
What is the trapezoid line?
A feature on the inferior surface of the bone.
What joint connects the acromion and clavicle?
Acromio-clavicular joint.
Which bone is referred to as the scapula?
Shoulder blade.
What is the primary function of the clavicle?
To connect the arm to the body.
What does the articulated right shoulder (pectoral) girdle show?
The relationship to bones of the thorax and sternum.
Which two bones are highlighted in the lower section of the image?
Humerus and Scapula.
What is the lateral end of the clavicle called?
Acromial end.
What is the medial end of the clavicle called?
Sternal end.
What structure is associated with the deltoid tubercle on the clavicle?
It serves as an attachment point for the deltoid muscle.
What is the purpose of the groove for the subclavius muscle on the clavicle?
It provides a surface for the attachment of the subclavius muscle.
What does the oval surface on the clavicle articulate with?
The acromion.
What is the trapezoid ridge on the clavicle?
A bony prominence for ligament attachment.
What is the function of the conoid tubercle on the clavicle?
It serves as an attachment point for the conoid ligament.
What is the nutrient foramen on the clavicle?
An opening for blood vessels to enter the bone.
What does the quadrilateral surface on the clavicle articulate with?
The manubrium of the sternum.
What are the surfaces labeled in the image?
Superior, anterior, posterior, and inferior surfaces.
Which muscle originates from the anterior surface of the bone?
Origin of the pectoralis major muscle.
What is indicated by the blue area in the image?
Muscle insertions.
What does the red area represent in the diagram?
Muscle origins.
What ligaments are mentioned in the image?
Trapezoid ligament and conoid ligament.
Which muscle’s origin is indicated on the inferior surface?
Origin of the deltoid muscle.
What is the significance of the cross-section measurements shown?
They indicate the thickness of the bone at different points.
What type of bone is the scapula?
It is a flat bone.
In which plane does the scapula lie?
In an oblique plane.
What are the two surfaces of the scapula?
Anterior (ventral or costal) surface and Posterior (dorsal) surface.
What does the anterior surface of the scapula form?
The subscapular fossa.
What features are present on the posterior surface of the scapula?
Spine of scapula, acromion process, supraspinous fossa, and infraspinous fossa.
How many borders does the scapula have?
Three borders: medial, lateral, and superior.
What is located at the superior border of the scapula?
The suprascapular notch and the coracoid process.
What are the three angles of the scapula?
Inferior, superior, and lateral angles.
What structures are presented at the lateral angle of the scapula?
The head, neck, and glenoid cavity.
What is the name of the bone shown in the image?
Scapula.
What is the location of the suprascapular notch?
At the upper border of the scapula.
What structure articulates with the clavicle on the scapula?
A small oval facet on the medial border of the acromion.
What is the function of the coracoid process?
Serves as an attachment point for muscles and ligaments.
Where is the glenoid cavity located?
On the lateral angle of the scapula.
What is the inferior angle of the scapula?
The lowest point of the scapula.
What is the subscapular fossa?
A concave surface on the anterior side of the scapula.
What are the ridges for on the scapula?
For the origin of the subscapularis muscle.
What are the borders of the scapula?
Medial border, lateral border, and superior border.
What is the function of the acromion process?
It serves as an attachment point for muscles and ligaments.
What is the significance of the glenoid cavity?
It articulates with the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint.
Which border of the scapula is referred to as the medial border?
The border closest to the spine.
What is the purpose of the supraspinous fossa?
It provides a surface for muscle attachment.
What structure is indicated by the term ‘coracoid process’?
A small hook-like structure on the scapula.
What does the term ‘inferior angle’ refer to?
The lowest point of the scapula.
What is the role of the groove for the circumflex scapular artery?
It allows passage for the artery supplying the scapula.
What is the rough impression for the conoid ligament used for?
It serves as an attachment point for the conoid ligament.
What is the acromion?
A bony process on the scapula.
What is the function of the glenoid cavity?
It articulates with the head of the humerus.
What is the significance of the supraspinous fossa?
It serves as an attachment site for the supraspinatus muscle.
Where is the coracoid process located?
On the anterior aspect of the scapula.
What is the role of the infraspinous fossa?
It provides an attachment for the infraspinatus muscle.
What is the medial border of the scapula?
The edge of the scapula closest to the spine.
What is the lateral border of the scapula?
The edge of the scapula farthest from the spine.
What is the purpose of the subscapular fossa?
It serves as an attachment site for the subscapularis muscle.
What is the anterior view of the scapula?
It shows structures like the long head of biceps brachii, pectoralis minor, and subscapularis.
Which muscle is associated with the long head of triceps brachii in the anterior view of the scapula?
Long head of triceps brachii.
What ligament connects the coracoid process to the acromion?
Coraco-acromial ligament.
What is shown in the posterior view of the scapula?
Muscles like supraspinatus, trapezius, and deltoid.
Which muscle is located above the scapula in the posterior view?
Supraspinatus.
What muscle is indicated as the long head of triceps brachii in the posterior view?
Long head of triceps brachii.
Which muscle is located below the scapula in the posterior view?
Latissimus dorsi.
What is the function of the subscapularis muscle?
It helps in the internal rotation of the shoulder.
What is the role of the trapezius muscle?
It stabilizes and moves the shoulder blade.
What type of bone is the humerus?
It is a long bone.
What are the main parts of the humerus?
Upper end, shaft, and lower end.
What features are found at the upper end of the humerus?
Head, greater tuberosity, lesser tuberosity, inter-tubercular groove, surgical neck, and anatomical neck.
What is the shape of the shaft of the humerus?
Cylindrical in the upper half and triangular in the lower half.
What surfaces are present on the shaft of the humerus?
Antero-medial surface, antero-lateral surface, and posterior surface.
What does the antero-lateral surface of the humerus show?
The deltoid tuberosity.
What are the borders of the shaft of the humerus?
Anterior border, medial border, and lateral border.
What structures are found at the lower end of the humerus?
Two epicondyles, trochlea, capitulum, and three fossae (radial, coronoid, and trochlear).
What is the carrying angle?
The angle between the long axis of the humerus and the long axis of the extended supinated forearm.
What causes the carrying angle?
More downward projection of the medial border of the trochlea compared to its lateral border.
What is the significance of the carrying angle?
It allows free movements of the upper limb away from the pelvis.
What is the average degree of the carrying angle?
15 degrees.
In which gender is the carrying angle more marked?
In females, due to a wider pelvis.
What is the head of the humerus?
The rounded upper end of the humerus that articulates with the shoulder.
What is the anatomical neck of the humerus?
The area just below the head of the humerus.
What is the greater tuberosity?
A prominent projection on the lateral side of the humerus for muscle attachment.
What is the lesser tuberosity?
A smaller projection on the anterior side of the humerus for muscle attachment.
What is the bicipital groove?
A groove that runs between the greater and lesser tuberosities for the biceps tendon.
What is the function of the deltoid tuberosity?
It serves as the attachment site for the deltoid muscle.
What are the coronoid and radial fossae?
Depressions on the humerus that accommodate the ulna and radius during elbow flexion.
What is the medial epicondyle?
A bony prominence on the inner side of the humerus for muscle attachment.
What is the capitulum?
A rounded structure on the humerus that articulates with the radius.
What is the anatomical feature at the top of the humerus?
Head.
What is the name of the neck located just below the head of the humerus?
Anatomical neck.
What is the function of the middle and lower impressions on the back of the greater tuberosity?
For muscle attachments.
What is the name of the ridge for the origin of the lateral head of the triceps?
Oblique ridge.
What groove is located on the humerus for the radial nerve?
Spiral (Radial) groove.
What is the name of the tuberosity located on the humerus?
Deltoid tuberosity.
What is the name of the fossa located at the distal end of the humerus?
Olecranon fossa.
What are the names of the two epicondyles found on the humerus?
Medial epicondyle and Lateral epicondyle.
What structure is located at the distal end of the humerus, involved in the elbow joint?
Trochlea.
What is the name of the bone that forms the upper arm?
Humerus.
What structure is located at the proximal end of the humerus?
Greater tubercle.
Which bone is located on the lateral side of the forearm?
Radius.
What is the name of the process at the distal end of the ulna?
Olecranon process.
What is the function of the trochlea on the humerus?
It articulates with the ulna to form the elbow joint.
What is the name of the fossa located on the posterior side of the humerus?
Olecranon fossa.
What is the significance of the radial groove on the humerus?
It accommodates the radial nerve.
What is the name of the joint formed by the radius and ulna at the elbow?
Hinge joint.
What is located at the distal end of the ulna?
Olecranon process.
What is the primary focus of the image?
Bones of the upper limb.
Which muscle is located at the top of the shoulder in the image?
Deltoid muscle.
What muscle is associated with the long head of the biceps brachii?
Biceps brachii muscle (long head).
Which muscle is responsible for the rotation of the shoulder and is located beneath the scapula?
Subscapularis muscle.
What is the function of the triceps brachii muscle?
Extension of the elbow.
Which muscle is indicated as the main flexor of the forearm?
Brachialis muscle.
What is the role of the pronator teres muscle?
Pronates the forearm.
Which muscle is located on the inner side of the upper arm?
Coracobrachialis muscle.
What is the primary action of the latissimus dorsi muscle?
Adduction and extension of the shoulder.
What is the function of the supraspinatus muscle?
It assists in shoulder abduction.
Which muscle is responsible for shoulder flexion and abduction?
Deltoid muscle.
What muscle is located beneath the trapezius muscle?
Levator scapulae muscle.
Which muscle is involved in the rotation of the shoulder?
Infraspinatus muscle.
What is the role of the teres minor muscle?
It helps in external rotation of the shoulder.
Which muscle is known for its long head and is part of the triceps?
Triceps brachii muscle.
What is the function of the brachialis muscle?
It flexes the elbow.
What muscle is associated with the common flexor tendon?
Flexor muscles of the forearm.
Which muscle is involved in elbow extension?
Anconeus muscle.
What type of bone is the radius?
It is a long bone.
What bone does the radius form in the forearm?
The lateral bone.
What are the components of the upper end of the radius?
Head, neck, and radial tuberosity.
How many articular surfaces does the head of the radius have?
Two articular surfaces.
What are the three borders of the shaft of the radius?
Anterior, posterior, and medial borders (or interosseous).
What are the three surfaces of the shaft of the radius?
Anterior, posterior, and lateral surfaces.
What features are found at the lower end of the radius?
Five surfaces including smooth anterior, rough posterior with dorsal tubercle of Lister, lateral with a styloid process, medial surface forming ulnar notch, and inferior smooth articular surfaces.
What is the function of the radial tuberosity?
It serves as an attachment point for muscles.
What is the anterior oblique line associated with?
It is a feature of the shaft of the radius.
What is the upper end of the ulna called?
Olecranon process.
What joint is associated with the superior end of the ulna?
Superior R/U joint.
What is the name of the notch located on the upper end of the ulna?
Trochlear notch.
What structure is found at the neck of the radius?
Circumference.
What is the rough posterior part of the radius called?
Rough posterior part.
What is the name of the process located at the lower end of the radius?
Styloid process.
What is the anterior surface of the ulna referred to as?
Anterior surface.
What is the medial border of the ulna called?
Medial (interosseous) border.
What is the term for the part of the radius that allows for pronation?
Pronator tuberosity.
What is the lower end of the ulna called?
Head.
What is the upper end of the radius associated with?
The superior R/U joint.
What structure is located at the upper end of the radius?
Head of Radius.
What is the shape of the upper circular surface of the radius?
Concave.
What is the name of the process found at the upper end of the ulna?
Olecranon process.
What feature is described as a smooth triangular subcutaneous surface?
The upper end of the radius.
What is the function of the pronator tuberosity?
It serves as an attachment point for muscles.
What is the lower end of the ulna associated with?
The inferior R/U joint.
What is the styloid process?
A bony prominence at the lower end of the radius.
What is the significance of the interosseous borders?
They provide attachment for the interosseous membrane.
What is the name of the bony prominence at the elbow?
Olecranon.
What structure is located at the distal end of the radius?
Styloid process.
What is the function of the interosseous membrane?
It connects the ulna and radius.
Which part of the radius articulates with the ulna?
Ulnar notch of radius.
What is the name of the notch on the ulna that receives the trochlea of the humerus?
Trochlear notch.
What is the head of the radius?
The proximal end of the radius that articulates with the humerus.
What is the coronoid process?
A projection on the ulna that helps form the elbow joint.
What is the radial tuberosity?
A bony prominence on the radius for muscle attachment.
What are the interosseous borders?
The edges of the ulna and radius that face each other.
What muscle is located at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus?
Brachioradialis.
Which muscle originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus?
Pronator teres.
What is the function of the biceps brachii?
Flexion of the elbow and supination of the forearm.
Which muscle is responsible for flexing the fingers?
Flexor digitorum superficialis.
What is the role of the flexor pollicis longus?
Flexion of the thumb.
Which muscle assists in pronation of the forearm?
Pronator quadratus.
What is the origin of the flexor carpi radialis?
Medial epicondyle of the humerus.
Which muscle is located on the ulnar side of the forearm?
Flexor carpi ulnaris.
What is the common head of the extensors and supinator called?
Lateral epicondyle.
What muscle is located at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus?
Extensor carpi radialis longus.
Which muscle originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus?
Flexor carpi ulnaris.
What is the function of the brachioradialis muscle?
It assists in flexing the forearm.
Which muscle is responsible for supination of the forearm?
Supinator.
What is the role of the pronator teres muscle?
It pronates the forearm.
Which muscle is involved in extending the fingers?
Extensor digitorum.
What is the insertion point for the extensor carpi radialis brevis?
Base of the third metacarpal.
Which muscle abducts the thumb?
Abductor pollicis longus.
What is the function of the extensor indicis?
It extends the index finger.
What type of bone is the ulna?
It is a long bone forming the medial bone of the forearm.
What are the two processes at the upper end of the ulna?
Olecranon and coronoid.
What structures are found at the upper end of the ulna?
Trochlear fossa, ulnar tuberosity, and radial notch.
How many surfaces does the shaft of the ulna have?
Three surfaces: anterior, posterior, and medial.
What are the borders of the ulna’s shaft?
Anterior, posterior, and lateral (or interosseous) borders.
What does the lower end of the ulna consist of?
A head and a styloid process.
How does the styloid process of the ulna compare to that of the radius?
The styloid process of the ulna is shorter than that of the radius.
What is the function of the olecranon process?
It serves as a lever for the muscles that extend the elbow.
What is the location of the coronoid process?
It is located on the ulna, just below the trochlear notch.
What does the trochlear notch articulate with?
It articulates with the trochlea of the humerus.
What is the radial notch?
It is a depression on the ulna that accommodates the head of the radius.
What is the role of the head of the radius?
It allows for rotation of the forearm.
What is the significance of the ulnar notch of the radius?
It allows for articulation with the head of the ulna.
What is the styloid process of the radius?
It is a bony prominence at the distal end of the radius.
What is the interosseous membrane?
It is a fibrous sheet that connects the ulna and radius.
What is the anatomical position of the ulna and radius?
The ulna is medial and the radius is lateral.
What muscle is located at the top of the diagram?
Supinator.
Which muscle is labeled as ‘Biceps brachii’?
Biceps brachii.
What is the function of the ‘Pronator teres’?
It helps in pronation of the forearm.
What is the role of ‘Flexor pollicis longus’?
It flexes the thumb.
Which muscle is located at the bottom of the diagram?
Pronator quadratus.
What muscle is indicated as ‘Brachioradialis’?
Brachioradialis.
What is the function of ‘Flexor digitorum profundus’?
It flexes the distal phalanges of the fingers.
How many regions are the bones of the hand divided into?
Three regions.
What are the eight carpal bones arranged in?
Two rows.
Name the bones in the proximal row of the carpal bones.
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform.
Which carpal bone has a tubercle and waist?
Scaphoid.
What are the bones in the distal row of the carpal bones?
Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate.
Which carpal bone has a hook?
Hamate.
How many metacarpal bones are there in the palm?
Five metacarpal bones.
What are the components of each metacarpal bone?
Base, shaft, and head.
How many phalanges are there in the fingers?
Fourteen phalanges.
What are the components of each phalanx?
Base, shaft, and head.
