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Anatomy Upper Limb > Bones Of Upper Limb > Flashcards

Bones Of Upper Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main focus of the image?

A

Bones of the upper limb.

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2
Q

What type of skeleton is represented in the image?

A

Appendicular skeleton.

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3
Q

Which part of the body does the image indicate as having bones?

A

Upper limb.

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4
Q

What other limb is mentioned in the image?

A

Bones of the lower limb.

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5
Q

What is the relationship between the upper limb and the axial skeleton?

A

The upper limb is part of the appendicular skeleton, which is distinct from the axial skeleton.

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6
Q

What bones make up the shoulder girdle?

A

Clavicle and scapula.

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7
Q

What is the bone of the arm?

A

The humerus.

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8
Q

Which bones are found in the forearm?

A

Radius (laterally) and ulna (medially).

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9
Q

What bones comprise the hand?

A

Carpal and metacarpal bones and phalanges.

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10
Q

How many ends does the clavicle have?

A

Two ends.

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11
Q

What are the two ends of the clavicle called?

A

Medial (sternal) end and lateral (acromial) end.

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12
Q

What shape is the medial part of the clavicle?

A

Prismatic.

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13
Q

What is the shape of the lateral part of the clavicle?

A

Flat from above downwards.

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14
Q

What are the surfaces and borders of the clavicle’s shaft?

A

Two surfaces (upper & lower) and two borders (anterior & posterior).

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15
Q

What is the orientation of the medial 2/3 of the clavicle?

A

Convex anteriorly.

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16
Q

What does the lower surface of the clavicle show?

A

Impression for costoclavicular ligament, subclavius groove, foramen for nutrient artery, conoid tubercle, and trapezoid ridge.

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17
Q

How does the clavicle differ from other long bones?

A

It has unique structural characteristics.

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18
Q

What type of bone structure does the bone of the upper limb have?

A

It has no medullary cavity, consisting of a mass of spongy bone covered by compact bone.

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19
Q

How is the bone of the upper limb formed?

A

It is formed by membranous ossification, making it the first long bone to ossify in the embryo.

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20
Q

What is unique about the orientation of the bone of the upper limb?

A

It is the only long bone placed horizontally.

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21
Q

What is one function of the bone of the upper limb?

A

It hangs the upper limb away from the trunk, allowing it to move freely.

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22
Q

How does the bone of the upper limb contribute to weight transmission?

A

It transmits weight and forces from the upper limb to the axial skeleton.

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23
Q

What does the bone of the upper limb protect?

A

It protects the vessels and nerves running behind it.

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24
Q

What is the commonest bone to be fractured in the upper limb?

A

The bone of the upper limb (clavicle).

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25
Q

Where is the most common site for fractures of the bone of the upper limb?

A

The middle 1/3 of the bone.

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26
Q

What is the shape of the bones of the upper limb?

A

Prismatic shape.

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27
Q

What are the two ends of the bone labeled in the image?

A

Sternal end and acromial end.

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28
Q

What is the surface that faces upward called?

A

Superior surface.

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29
Q

What is the term for the surface that faces downward?

A

Inferior surface.

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30
Q

What is the shaft of the bone?

A

The long central part of the bone.

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31
Q

What feature is indicated by the term ‘conoid tubercle’?

A

A specific bony prominence on the bone.

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32
Q

What does the term ‘impression for costoclavicular ligament’ refer to?

A

A specific area on the bone for ligament attachment.

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33
Q

What is the trapezoid line?

A

A feature on the inferior surface of the bone.

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34
Q

What joint connects the acromion and clavicle?

A

Acromio-clavicular joint.

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35
Q

Which bone is referred to as the scapula?

A

Shoulder blade.

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36
Q

What is the primary function of the clavicle?

A

To connect the arm to the body.

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37
Q

What does the articulated right shoulder (pectoral) girdle show?

A

The relationship to bones of the thorax and sternum.

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38
Q

Which two bones are highlighted in the lower section of the image?

A

Humerus and Scapula.

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39
Q

What is the lateral end of the clavicle called?

A

Acromial end.

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40
Q

What is the medial end of the clavicle called?

A

Sternal end.

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41
Q

What structure is associated with the deltoid tubercle on the clavicle?

A

It serves as an attachment point for the deltoid muscle.

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42
Q

What is the purpose of the groove for the subclavius muscle on the clavicle?

A

It provides a surface for the attachment of the subclavius muscle.

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43
Q

What does the oval surface on the clavicle articulate with?

A

The acromion.

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44
Q

What is the trapezoid ridge on the clavicle?

A

A bony prominence for ligament attachment.

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45
Q

What is the function of the conoid tubercle on the clavicle?

A

It serves as an attachment point for the conoid ligament.

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46
Q

What is the nutrient foramen on the clavicle?

A

An opening for blood vessels to enter the bone.

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47
Q

What does the quadrilateral surface on the clavicle articulate with?

A

The manubrium of the sternum.

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48
Q

What are the surfaces labeled in the image?

A

Superior, anterior, posterior, and inferior surfaces.

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49
Q

Which muscle originates from the anterior surface of the bone?

A

Origin of the pectoralis major muscle.

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50
Q

What is indicated by the blue area in the image?

A

Muscle insertions.

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51
Q

What does the red area represent in the diagram?

A

Muscle origins.

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52
Q

What ligaments are mentioned in the image?

A

Trapezoid ligament and conoid ligament.

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53
Q

Which muscle’s origin is indicated on the inferior surface?

A

Origin of the deltoid muscle.

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54
Q

What is the significance of the cross-section measurements shown?

A

They indicate the thickness of the bone at different points.

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55
Q

What type of bone is the scapula?

A

It is a flat bone.

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56
Q

In which plane does the scapula lie?

A

In an oblique plane.

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57
Q

What are the two surfaces of the scapula?

A

Anterior (ventral or costal) surface and Posterior (dorsal) surface.

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58
Q

What does the anterior surface of the scapula form?

A

The subscapular fossa.

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59
Q

What features are present on the posterior surface of the scapula?

A

Spine of scapula, acromion process, supraspinous fossa, and infraspinous fossa.

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60
Q

How many borders does the scapula have?

A

Three borders: medial, lateral, and superior.

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61
Q

What is located at the superior border of the scapula?

A

The suprascapular notch and the coracoid process.

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62
Q

What are the three angles of the scapula?

A

Inferior, superior, and lateral angles.

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63
Q

What structures are presented at the lateral angle of the scapula?

A

The head, neck, and glenoid cavity.

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64
Q

What is the name of the bone shown in the image?

A

Scapula.

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65
Q

What is the location of the suprascapular notch?

A

At the upper border of the scapula.

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66
Q

What structure articulates with the clavicle on the scapula?

A

A small oval facet on the medial border of the acromion.

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67
Q

What is the function of the coracoid process?

A

Serves as an attachment point for muscles and ligaments.

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68
Q

Where is the glenoid cavity located?

A

On the lateral angle of the scapula.

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69
Q

What is the inferior angle of the scapula?

A

The lowest point of the scapula.

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70
Q

What is the subscapular fossa?

A

A concave surface on the anterior side of the scapula.

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71
Q

What are the ridges for on the scapula?

A

For the origin of the subscapularis muscle.

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72
Q

What are the borders of the scapula?

A

Medial border, lateral border, and superior border.

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73
Q

What is the function of the acromion process?

A

It serves as an attachment point for muscles and ligaments.

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74
Q

What is the significance of the glenoid cavity?

A

It articulates with the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint.

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75
Q

Which border of the scapula is referred to as the medial border?

A

The border closest to the spine.

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76
Q

What is the purpose of the supraspinous fossa?

A

It provides a surface for muscle attachment.

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77
Q

What structure is indicated by the term ‘coracoid process’?

A

A small hook-like structure on the scapula.

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78
Q

What does the term ‘inferior angle’ refer to?

A

The lowest point of the scapula.

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79
Q

What is the role of the groove for the circumflex scapular artery?

A

It allows passage for the artery supplying the scapula.

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80
Q

What is the rough impression for the conoid ligament used for?

A

It serves as an attachment point for the conoid ligament.

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81
Q

What is the acromion?

A

A bony process on the scapula.

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82
Q

What is the function of the glenoid cavity?

A

It articulates with the head of the humerus.

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83
Q

What is the significance of the supraspinous fossa?

A

It serves as an attachment site for the supraspinatus muscle.

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84
Q

Where is the coracoid process located?

A

On the anterior aspect of the scapula.

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85
Q

What is the role of the infraspinous fossa?

A

It provides an attachment for the infraspinatus muscle.

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86
Q

What is the medial border of the scapula?

A

The edge of the scapula closest to the spine.

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87
Q

What is the lateral border of the scapula?

A

The edge of the scapula farthest from the spine.

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88
Q

What is the purpose of the subscapular fossa?

A

It serves as an attachment site for the subscapularis muscle.

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89
Q

What is the anterior view of the scapula?

A

It shows structures like the long head of biceps brachii, pectoralis minor, and subscapularis.

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90
Q

Which muscle is associated with the long head of triceps brachii in the anterior view of the scapula?

A

Long head of triceps brachii.

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91
Q

What ligament connects the coracoid process to the acromion?

A

Coraco-acromial ligament.

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92
Q

What is shown in the posterior view of the scapula?

A

Muscles like supraspinatus, trapezius, and deltoid.

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93
Q

Which muscle is located above the scapula in the posterior view?

A

Supraspinatus.

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94
Q

What muscle is indicated as the long head of triceps brachii in the posterior view?

A

Long head of triceps brachii.

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95
Q

Which muscle is located below the scapula in the posterior view?

A

Latissimus dorsi.

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96
Q

What is the function of the subscapularis muscle?

A

It helps in the internal rotation of the shoulder.

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97
Q

What is the role of the trapezius muscle?

A

It stabilizes and moves the shoulder blade.

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98
Q

What type of bone is the humerus?

A

It is a long bone.

99
Q

What are the main parts of the humerus?

A

Upper end, shaft, and lower end.

100
Q

What features are found at the upper end of the humerus?

A

Head, greater tuberosity, lesser tuberosity, inter-tubercular groove, surgical neck, and anatomical neck.

101
Q

What is the shape of the shaft of the humerus?

A

Cylindrical in the upper half and triangular in the lower half.

102
Q

What surfaces are present on the shaft of the humerus?

A

Antero-medial surface, antero-lateral surface, and posterior surface.

103
Q

What does the antero-lateral surface of the humerus show?

A

The deltoid tuberosity.

104
Q

What are the borders of the shaft of the humerus?

A

Anterior border, medial border, and lateral border.

105
Q

What structures are found at the lower end of the humerus?

A

Two epicondyles, trochlea, capitulum, and three fossae (radial, coronoid, and trochlear).

106
Q

What is the carrying angle?

A

The angle between the long axis of the humerus and the long axis of the extended supinated forearm.

107
Q

What causes the carrying angle?

A

More downward projection of the medial border of the trochlea compared to its lateral border.

108
Q

What is the significance of the carrying angle?

A

It allows free movements of the upper limb away from the pelvis.

109
Q

What is the average degree of the carrying angle?

A

15 degrees.

110
Q

In which gender is the carrying angle more marked?

A

In females, due to a wider pelvis.

111
Q

What is the head of the humerus?

A

The rounded upper end of the humerus that articulates with the shoulder.

112
Q

What is the anatomical neck of the humerus?

A

The area just below the head of the humerus.

113
Q

What is the greater tuberosity?

A

A prominent projection on the lateral side of the humerus for muscle attachment.

114
Q

What is the lesser tuberosity?

A

A smaller projection on the anterior side of the humerus for muscle attachment.

115
Q

What is the bicipital groove?

A

A groove that runs between the greater and lesser tuberosities for the biceps tendon.

116
Q

What is the function of the deltoid tuberosity?

A

It serves as the attachment site for the deltoid muscle.

117
Q

What are the coronoid and radial fossae?

A

Depressions on the humerus that accommodate the ulna and radius during elbow flexion.

118
Q

What is the medial epicondyle?

A

A bony prominence on the inner side of the humerus for muscle attachment.

119
Q

What is the capitulum?

A

A rounded structure on the humerus that articulates with the radius.

120
Q

What is the anatomical feature at the top of the humerus?

A

Head.

121
Q

What is the name of the neck located just below the head of the humerus?

A

Anatomical neck.

122
Q

What is the function of the middle and lower impressions on the back of the greater tuberosity?

A

For muscle attachments.

123
Q

What is the name of the ridge for the origin of the lateral head of the triceps?

A

Oblique ridge.

124
Q

What groove is located on the humerus for the radial nerve?

A

Spiral (Radial) groove.

125
Q

What is the name of the tuberosity located on the humerus?

A

Deltoid tuberosity.

126
Q

What is the name of the fossa located at the distal end of the humerus?

A

Olecranon fossa.

127
Q

What are the names of the two epicondyles found on the humerus?

A

Medial epicondyle and Lateral epicondyle.

128
Q

What structure is located at the distal end of the humerus, involved in the elbow joint?

A

Trochlea.

129
Q

What is the name of the bone that forms the upper arm?

A

Humerus.

130
Q

What structure is located at the proximal end of the humerus?

A

Greater tubercle.

131
Q

Which bone is located on the lateral side of the forearm?

A

Radius.

132
Q

What is the name of the process at the distal end of the ulna?

A

Olecranon process.

133
Q

What is the function of the trochlea on the humerus?

A

It articulates with the ulna to form the elbow joint.

134
Q

What is the name of the fossa located on the posterior side of the humerus?

A

Olecranon fossa.

135
Q

What is the significance of the radial groove on the humerus?

A

It accommodates the radial nerve.

136
Q

What is the name of the joint formed by the radius and ulna at the elbow?

A

Hinge joint.

137
Q

What is located at the distal end of the ulna?

A

Olecranon process.

138
Q

What is the primary focus of the image?

A

Bones of the upper limb.

139
Q

Which muscle is located at the top of the shoulder in the image?

A

Deltoid muscle.

140
Q

What muscle is associated with the long head of the biceps brachii?

A

Biceps brachii muscle (long head).

141
Q

Which muscle is responsible for the rotation of the shoulder and is located beneath the scapula?

A

Subscapularis muscle.

142
Q

What is the function of the triceps brachii muscle?

A

Extension of the elbow.

143
Q

Which muscle is indicated as the main flexor of the forearm?

A

Brachialis muscle.

144
Q

What is the role of the pronator teres muscle?

A

Pronates the forearm.

145
Q

Which muscle is located on the inner side of the upper arm?

A

Coracobrachialis muscle.

146
Q

What is the primary action of the latissimus dorsi muscle?

A

Adduction and extension of the shoulder.

147
Q

What is the function of the supraspinatus muscle?

A

It assists in shoulder abduction.

148
Q

Which muscle is responsible for shoulder flexion and abduction?

A

Deltoid muscle.

149
Q

What muscle is located beneath the trapezius muscle?

A

Levator scapulae muscle.

150
Q

Which muscle is involved in the rotation of the shoulder?

A

Infraspinatus muscle.

151
Q

What is the role of the teres minor muscle?

A

It helps in external rotation of the shoulder.

152
Q

Which muscle is known for its long head and is part of the triceps?

A

Triceps brachii muscle.

153
Q

What is the function of the brachialis muscle?

A

It flexes the elbow.

154
Q

What muscle is associated with the common flexor tendon?

A

Flexor muscles of the forearm.

155
Q

Which muscle is involved in elbow extension?

A

Anconeus muscle.

156
Q

What type of bone is the radius?

A

It is a long bone.

157
Q

What bone does the radius form in the forearm?

A

The lateral bone.

158
Q

What are the components of the upper end of the radius?

A

Head, neck, and radial tuberosity.

159
Q

How many articular surfaces does the head of the radius have?

A

Two articular surfaces.

160
Q

What are the three borders of the shaft of the radius?

A

Anterior, posterior, and medial borders (or interosseous).

161
Q

What are the three surfaces of the shaft of the radius?

A

Anterior, posterior, and lateral surfaces.

162
Q

What features are found at the lower end of the radius?

A

Five surfaces including smooth anterior, rough posterior with dorsal tubercle of Lister, lateral with a styloid process, medial surface forming ulnar notch, and inferior smooth articular surfaces.

163
Q

What is the function of the radial tuberosity?

A

It serves as an attachment point for muscles.

164
Q

What is the anterior oblique line associated with?

A

It is a feature of the shaft of the radius.

165
Q

What is the upper end of the ulna called?

A

Olecranon process.

166
Q

What joint is associated with the superior end of the ulna?

A

Superior R/U joint.

167
Q

What is the name of the notch located on the upper end of the ulna?

A

Trochlear notch.

168
Q

What structure is found at the neck of the radius?

A

Circumference.

169
Q

What is the rough posterior part of the radius called?

A

Rough posterior part.

170
Q

What is the name of the process located at the lower end of the radius?

A

Styloid process.

171
Q

What is the anterior surface of the ulna referred to as?

A

Anterior surface.

172
Q

What is the medial border of the ulna called?

A

Medial (interosseous) border.

173
Q

What is the term for the part of the radius that allows for pronation?

A

Pronator tuberosity.

174
Q

What is the lower end of the ulna called?

A

Head.

175
Q

What is the upper end of the radius associated with?

A

The superior R/U joint.

176
Q

What structure is located at the upper end of the radius?

A

Head of Radius.

177
Q

What is the shape of the upper circular surface of the radius?

A

Concave.

178
Q

What is the name of the process found at the upper end of the ulna?

A

Olecranon process.

179
Q

What feature is described as a smooth triangular subcutaneous surface?

A

The upper end of the radius.

180
Q

What is the function of the pronator tuberosity?

A

It serves as an attachment point for muscles.

181
Q

What is the lower end of the ulna associated with?

A

The inferior R/U joint.

182
Q

What is the styloid process?

A

A bony prominence at the lower end of the radius.

183
Q

What is the significance of the interosseous borders?

A

They provide attachment for the interosseous membrane.

184
Q

What is the name of the bony prominence at the elbow?

A

Olecranon.

185
Q

What structure is located at the distal end of the radius?

A

Styloid process.

186
Q

What is the function of the interosseous membrane?

A

It connects the ulna and radius.

187
Q

Which part of the radius articulates with the ulna?

A

Ulnar notch of radius.

188
Q

What is the name of the notch on the ulna that receives the trochlea of the humerus?

A

Trochlear notch.

189
Q

What is the head of the radius?

A

The proximal end of the radius that articulates with the humerus.

190
Q

What is the coronoid process?

A

A projection on the ulna that helps form the elbow joint.

191
Q

What is the radial tuberosity?

A

A bony prominence on the radius for muscle attachment.

192
Q

What are the interosseous borders?

A

The edges of the ulna and radius that face each other.

193
Q

What muscle is located at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus?

A

Brachioradialis.

194
Q

Which muscle originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus?

A

Pronator teres.

195
Q

What is the function of the biceps brachii?

A

Flexion of the elbow and supination of the forearm.

196
Q

Which muscle is responsible for flexing the fingers?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis.

197
Q

What is the role of the flexor pollicis longus?

A

Flexion of the thumb.

198
Q

Which muscle assists in pronation of the forearm?

A

Pronator quadratus.

199
Q

What is the origin of the flexor carpi radialis?

A

Medial epicondyle of the humerus.

200
Q

Which muscle is located on the ulnar side of the forearm?

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris.

201
Q

What is the common head of the extensors and supinator called?

A

Lateral epicondyle.

202
Q

What muscle is located at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus?

A

Extensor carpi radialis longus.

203
Q

Which muscle originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus?

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris.

204
Q

What is the function of the brachioradialis muscle?

A

It assists in flexing the forearm.

205
Q

Which muscle is responsible for supination of the forearm?

A

Supinator.

206
Q

What is the role of the pronator teres muscle?

A

It pronates the forearm.

207
Q

Which muscle is involved in extending the fingers?

A

Extensor digitorum.

208
Q

What is the insertion point for the extensor carpi radialis brevis?

A

Base of the third metacarpal.

209
Q

Which muscle abducts the thumb?

A

Abductor pollicis longus.

210
Q

What is the function of the extensor indicis?

A

It extends the index finger.

211
Q

What type of bone is the ulna?

A

It is a long bone forming the medial bone of the forearm.

212
Q

What are the two processes at the upper end of the ulna?

A

Olecranon and coronoid.

213
Q

What structures are found at the upper end of the ulna?

A

Trochlear fossa, ulnar tuberosity, and radial notch.

214
Q

How many surfaces does the shaft of the ulna have?

A

Three surfaces: anterior, posterior, and medial.

215
Q

What are the borders of the ulna’s shaft?

A

Anterior, posterior, and lateral (or interosseous) borders.

216
Q

What does the lower end of the ulna consist of?

A

A head and a styloid process.

217
Q

How does the styloid process of the ulna compare to that of the radius?

A

The styloid process of the ulna is shorter than that of the radius.

218
Q

What is the function of the olecranon process?

A

It serves as a lever for the muscles that extend the elbow.

219
Q

What is the location of the coronoid process?

A

It is located on the ulna, just below the trochlear notch.

220
Q

What does the trochlear notch articulate with?

A

It articulates with the trochlea of the humerus.

221
Q

What is the radial notch?

A

It is a depression on the ulna that accommodates the head of the radius.

222
Q

What is the role of the head of the radius?

A

It allows for rotation of the forearm.

223
Q

What is the significance of the ulnar notch of the radius?

A

It allows for articulation with the head of the ulna.

224
Q

What is the styloid process of the radius?

A

It is a bony prominence at the distal end of the radius.

225
Q

What is the interosseous membrane?

A

It is a fibrous sheet that connects the ulna and radius.

226
Q

What is the anatomical position of the ulna and radius?

A

The ulna is medial and the radius is lateral.

227
Q

What muscle is located at the top of the diagram?

A

Supinator.

228
Q

Which muscle is labeled as ‘Biceps brachii’?

A

Biceps brachii.

229
Q

What is the function of the ‘Pronator teres’?

A

It helps in pronation of the forearm.

230
Q

What is the role of ‘Flexor pollicis longus’?

A

It flexes the thumb.

231
Q

Which muscle is located at the bottom of the diagram?

A

Pronator quadratus.

232
Q

What muscle is indicated as ‘Brachioradialis’?

A

Brachioradialis.

233
Q

What is the function of ‘Flexor digitorum profundus’?

A

It flexes the distal phalanges of the fingers.

234
Q

How many regions are the bones of the hand divided into?

A

Three regions.

235
Q

What are the eight carpal bones arranged in?

A

Two rows.

236
Q

Name the bones in the proximal row of the carpal bones.

A

Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform.

237
Q

Which carpal bone has a tubercle and waist?

A

Scaphoid.

238
Q

What are the bones in the distal row of the carpal bones?

A

Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate.

239
Q

Which carpal bone has a hook?

A

Hamate.

240
Q

How many metacarpal bones are there in the palm?

A

Five metacarpal bones.

241
Q

What are the components of each metacarpal bone?

A

Base, shaft, and head.

242
Q

How many phalanges are there in the fingers?

A

Fourteen phalanges.

243
Q

What are the components of each phalanx?

A

Base, shaft, and head.

Anatomy Upper Limb (4 decks)

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