Bones, Muscles, and Joints Flashcards
Define the musculoskeletal system.
System(s) of rigid elements (bones) that can be moved relative to each other at linkage points (joints) by actuators (muscles), to generate forces/movements.
Explain what passive and active mean.
Passive: bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments.
Active: muscles (tendons)
Need an active component to move the passive component.
Name 3 functions of bone tissue.
Storage of minerals (ie calcium), homeostasis, resistance (stress)
Name 3 functions of bones as organs.
Blood cell production (marrow), support, individual levers.
Name 3 functions of the MSK.
Protection, support, movement through leverage.
Explain the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton. Give 4 examples for each.
Axial: midline structures
- skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum
Appendicular: appendages
- pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, upper limb bones, lower limb bones
Name the 5 types of bones.
Long, short, sesamoid, flat, irregular.
Describe long bones and give examples.
Long, slender, tubular.
Ex: humerus, tibia, fingers, toes
Describe short bones and give examples.
Short, cuboid.
Ex: carpals
Describe sesamoid bones and give examples.
Round/oval, develop in tendons
Ex: patella, bone under big toe and thumb
Describe flat bones and give examples.
2 plates of compact bone separated by spongy bone.
Ex: bones of the skull
Describe irregular bones and give examples.
Complex shapes, notched or rigid surfaces.
Ex: vertebrae, scapula.
Name the 7 parts of a long bone from top to bottom.
Proximal epiphysis
Proximal growth plate
Proximal metaphysis
Diaphysis (shaft)
Distal metaphysis
Distal growth plate
Distal epiphysis
In a typical transverse slice of a long bone, name the 2 visible components. What changes towards the middle of the bone? What is particular about the ends of the bone?
From innermost to outermost, you would see spongy (trabecular) bone and then compact bone (coracle bone). Towards the middle, the sponge becomes hollow, creating a medullary canal/marrow cavity. The ends of the bone have articular cartilage.
Name 7 portions of the long bone anatomy.
Red marrow (spongy bone), yellow marrow, blood vessels, blood stem cell, RBCs, WBCs, platelets
What is periosteum, what is it’s function, and which type of bone is it found on?
Found on long bones. Thin coat on outer surface with fibrous and cellular layers. It supports growth and healing.
Name and explain the process of bone growth (5 steps)0.
Called endochondral ossification.
1. Future bones laid down as cartilage “templates”
2. Bone laid down at primary ossification center, grows towards epiphysis.
3. Epiphyses develop at secondary ossification centers.
4. Primary and secondary ossification centers converge and create growth plates (epiphyseal plates).
5. Growth plates regulate longitudinal growth until skeletal maturity.
What fuses when growth plate closure is experienced?
Diaphysis and epiphysis. The epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal line.
Define foramen.
Opening/hole
Passage through a bone
Define fossa.
Hollow/depressed area.
Define facet.
Smooth, flat, articular surface.
Define process.
Outgrowth or boney projection.
Define tubercle.
Round, nodular, raised eminence or outgrowth. Usually for articulation or muscular attachment.
Define tuberosity.
Large, kind of flat, eminence on bony surface. Rough/bumpy feel.
Define condyle.
Round prominence at end of a bone, usually for articulation.
Define epicondyle.
Projection above a condyle. Surface for ligament and tendon attachment.
What is a joint? What are the 2 types of joints?
Site where 2 or more skeletal elements come together. Solid and synovial.
What is a solid joint? What are the 2 types?
Bones linked by connective tissue with little to no mobility. Fibrous and cartilaginous.
Where can fibrous solid joints be found?
gomphosis (teeth), suture (skull), syndesmosis
What is a cartilaginous solid joint?
synchondrosis (bone-cartilage-bone), or symphysis (bone-fibrocartilage-bone)
T or F: synovial joints are the most common joints in the body, and prevent movement.
F: they are the most common, but they facilitate movement
Name the universal component(s) of synovial joints and their function(s).
Articular cartilage: reciprocal surfaces, more or less congruence, avascular, aneural, smoother.
Allows for gliding of 1 bone against the other
Name the 3 parts of the joint capsule of synovial joints and their functions.
Synovial fluid: lubricates joint surfaces, provides nutrients to articular cartilage
Synovial membrane: contains that produce synovial fluid, stem cells, vasculature, nerves
Fibrous capsule: outer, fibrous membrane with local thickenings (ligaments)
Define ligament.
local thickening of fibrous capsule.
Define synovial sheaths.
around tendons that cross the joints, reduce friction
Define bursae.
fluid-filled, between joint and surrounding tissues, reduce friction
Define articular discs.
Improve joint congruence.
Explain the difference between flexion and extension.
Flexion: movement to decrease angle between 2 body parts
Extension: movement to increase angle between 2 body parts.
Explain the difference between abduction and adduction.
Abduction: movement away from midline
Adduction: movement toward medial
Name the 2 types of rotation.
Medial/internal and lateral/external.
Define circumduction.
Combination of flexion/extension, abduction/adduction.
____ and ______ of joints influences range of motion.
Size and shape.
Name the 3 uniaxial joints and examples of each.
Plane/gliding: intervertebral joints
Pivot: axis/atlas (neck)
Hinge: elbow
Name the 2 biaxial joints and examples of each.
Saddle: thumb
Condyloid/ellipsoid: knee
Name the multi-axial joint and give 2 examples.
Ball and socket: hip and shoulder
Name the 6 types of joint geometry.
Plane/gliding, pivot, hinge, saddle, condyloid/ellipsoid, ball and socket
Define muscles and tendons.
Muscle: hierarchically organized contractile tissue
Tendon: tough, cord-like, fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone, elastic but not contractile
Name 4 functions of skeletal muscles.
Produce skeletal movement.
Maintain posture and body position.
Regulate opening and closing of bodily orifices.
Regulate opening and closing of bodily orifices.
Maintain body temperature.
Describe skeletal muscle.
Voluntary
Visible banding (striation)
Highly organized from basic motor unit (sarcomere)
Main muscle type in MSK system
Describe cardiac muscle.
Involuntary
Striated
Heart only
Describe smooth muscle.
Involuntary
No banding
Loose organization of muscle functional units
Name the structure of skeletal muscle (5 steps)
Sarcomere –> myofibrils –> myofibers –> fascicles –> named muscle
What is an isometric muscle contraction?
Load applied without changing joint angle, no change in muscle length.
What is an isotonic contraction? What are the 2 types?
Load applied changes joint angle, change in muscle length
1) Concentric: change in joint angle (decrease/flexion), decrease in muscle length
2) Eccentric: change in joint angle (increase/extension), increase in muscle length
Name the 3 types of connective tissues of muscles.
Tendon, sheath, and fascia.
Describe tendons.
Tough, cord-like, fibrous. Connects muscle to bone . Elastic but not contractile. All muscles connected to bone via tendon vary in length.
Name and describe the 3 types of sheaths.
Endomysium: connective tissue surrounding individual myofibers.
Perimysium: connective tissue surrounding skeletal muscle fascicles
Epimysium: dense connective tissue surrounding entire muscle organ
What is the function of sheath?
Bundle/align myofibers and fascicles for proper force transmission, improve gliding of fibers.
Define fascia.
Sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue that envelops, separates or binds together structures such as muscles, organs and other soft tissues
