Bones, Muscles, and Joints

Question 1

Define the musculoskeletal system.

Answer 1

System(s) of rigid elements (bones) that can be moved relative to each other at linkage points (joints) by actuators (muscles), to generate forces/movements.

Question 2

Explain what passive and active mean.

Answer 2

Passive: bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments.
Active: muscles (tendons)
Need an active component to move the passive component.

Question 3

Name 3 functions of bone tissue.

Answer 3

Storage of minerals (ie calcium), homeostasis, resistance (stress)

Question 4

Name 3 functions of bones as organs.

Answer 4

Blood cell production (marrow), support, individual levers.

Question 5

Name 3 functions of the MSK.

Answer 5

Protection, support, movement through leverage.

Question 6

Explain the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton. Give 4 examples for each.

Answer 6

Axial: midline structures
- skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum
Appendicular: appendages
- pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, upper limb bones, lower limb bones

Question 7

Name the 5 types of bones.

Answer 7

Long, short, sesamoid, flat, irregular.

Question 8

Describe long bones and give examples.

Answer 8

Long, slender, tubular.
Ex: humerus, tibia, fingers, toes

Question 9

Describe short bones and give examples.

Answer 9

Short, cuboid.
Ex: carpals

Question 10

Describe sesamoid bones and give examples.

Answer 10

Round/oval, develop in tendons
Ex: patella, bone under big toe and thumb

Question 11

Describe flat bones and give examples.

Answer 11

2 plates of compact bone separated by spongy bone.
Ex: bones of the skull

Question 12

Describe irregular bones and give examples.

Answer 12

Complex shapes, notched or rigid surfaces.
Ex: vertebrae, scapula.

Question 13

Name the 7 parts of a long bone from top to bottom.

Answer 13

Proximal epiphysis
Proximal growth plate
Proximal metaphysis
Diaphysis (shaft)
Distal metaphysis
Distal growth plate
Distal epiphysis

Question 14

In a typical transverse slice of a long bone, name the 2 visible components. What changes towards the middle of the bone? What is particular about the ends of the bone?

Answer 14

From innermost to outermost, you would see spongy (trabecular) bone and then compact bone (coracle bone). Towards the middle, the sponge becomes hollow, creating a medullary canal/marrow cavity. The ends of the bone have articular cartilage.

Question 15

Name 7 portions of the long bone anatomy.

Answer 15

Red marrow (spongy bone), yellow marrow, blood vessels, blood stem cell, RBCs, WBCs, platelets

Question 16

What is periosteum, what is it’s function, and which type of bone is it found on?

Answer 16

Found on long bones. Thin coat on outer surface with fibrous and cellular layers. It supports growth and healing.

Question 17

Name and explain the process of bone growth (5 steps)0.

Answer 17

Called endochondral ossification.
1. Future bones laid down as cartilage “templates”
2. Bone laid down at primary ossification center, grows towards epiphysis.
3. Epiphyses develop at secondary ossification centers.
4. Primary and secondary ossification centers converge and create growth plates (epiphyseal plates).
5. Growth plates regulate longitudinal growth until skeletal maturity.

Question 18

What fuses when growth plate closure is experienced?

Answer 18

Diaphysis and epiphysis. The epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal line.

Question 19

Define foramen.

Answer 19

Opening/hole
Passage through a bone

Question 20

Define fossa.

Answer 20

Hollow/depressed area.

Question 21

Define facet.

Answer 21

Smooth, flat, articular surface.

Question 22

Define process.

Answer 22

Outgrowth or boney projection.

Question 23

Define tubercle.

Answer 23

Round, nodular, raised eminence or outgrowth. Usually for articulation or muscular attachment.

Question 24

Define tuberosity.

Answer 24

Large, kind of flat, eminence on bony surface. Rough/bumpy feel.

Question 25

Define condyle.

Answer 25

Round prominence at end of a bone, usually for articulation.

Question 26

Define epicondyle.

Answer 26

Projection above a condyle. Surface for ligament and tendon attachment.

Question 27

What is a joint? What are the 2 types of joints?

Answer 27

Site where 2 or more skeletal elements come together. Solid and synovial.

Question 28

What is a solid joint? What are the 2 types?

Answer 28

Bones linked by connective tissue with little to no mobility. Fibrous and cartilaginous.

Question 29

Where can fibrous solid joints be found?

Answer 29

gomphosis (teeth), suture (skull), syndesmosis

Question 30

What is a cartilaginous solid joint?

Answer 30

synchondrosis (bone-cartilage-bone), or symphysis (bone-fibrocartilage-bone)

Question 31

T or F: synovial joints are the most common joints in the body, and prevent movement.

Answer 31

F: they are the most common, but they facilitate movement

Question 32

Name the universal component(s) of synovial joints and their function(s).

Answer 32

Articular cartilage: reciprocal surfaces, more or less congruence, avascular, aneural, smoother. Allows for gliding of 1 bone against the other

Question 33

Name the 3 parts of the joint capsule of synovial joints and their functions.

Answer 33

Synovial fluid: lubricates joint surfaces, provides nutrients to articular cartilage Synovial membrane: contains that produce synovial fluid, stem cells, vasculature, nerves Fibrous capsule: outer, fibrous membrane with local thickenings (ligaments)

Question 34

Define ligament.

Answer 34

local thickening of fibrous capsule.

Question 35

Define synovial sheaths.

Answer 35

around tendons that cross the joints, reduce friction

Question 36

Define bursae.

Answer 36

fluid-filled, between joint and surrounding tissues, reduce friction

Question 37

Define articular discs.

Answer 37

Improve joint congruence.

Question 38

Explain the difference between flexion and extension.

Answer 38

Flexion: movement to decrease angle between 2 body parts Extension: movement to increase angle between 2 body parts.

Question 39

Explain the difference between abduction and adduction.

Answer 39

Abduction: movement away from midline Adduction: movement toward medial

Question 40

Name the 2 types of rotation.

Answer 40

Medial/internal and lateral/external.

Question 41

Define circumduction.

Answer 41

Combination of flexion/extension, abduction/adduction.

Question 42

____ and ______ of joints influences range of motion.

Answer 42

Size and shape.

Question 43

Name the 3 uniaxial joints and examples of each.

Answer 43

Plane/gliding: intervertebral joints Pivot: axis/atlas (neck) Hinge: elbow

Question 44

Name the 2 biaxial joints and examples of each.

Answer 44

Saddle: thumb Condyloid/ellipsoid: knee

Question 45

Name the multi-axial joint and give 2 examples.

Answer 45

Ball and socket: hip and shoulder

Question 46

Name the 6 types of joint geometry.

Answer 46

Plane/gliding, pivot, hinge, saddle, condyloid/ellipsoid, ball and socket

Question 47

Define muscles and tendons.

Answer 47

Muscle: hierarchically organized contractile tissue Tendon: tough, cord-like, fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone, elastic but not contractile

Question 48

Name 4 functions of skeletal muscles.

Answer 48

Produce skeletal movement. Maintain posture and body position. Regulate opening and closing of bodily orifices. Regulate opening and closing of bodily orifices. Maintain body temperature.

Question 49

Describe skeletal muscle.

Answer 49

Voluntary Visible banding (striation) Highly organized from basic motor unit (sarcomere) Main muscle type in MSK system

Question 50

Describe cardiac muscle.

Answer 50

Involuntary Striated Heart only

Question 51

Describe smooth muscle.

Answer 51

Involuntary No banding Loose organization of muscle functional units

Question 52

Name the structure of skeletal muscle (5 steps)

Answer 52

Sarcomere --> myofibrils --> myofibers --> fascicles --> named muscle

Question 53

What is an isometric muscle contraction?

Answer 53

Load applied without changing joint angle, no change in muscle length.

Question 54

What is an isotonic contraction? What are the 2 types?

Answer 54

Load applied changes joint angle, change in muscle length 1) Concentric: change in joint angle (decrease/flexion), decrease in muscle length 2) Eccentric: change in joint angle (increase/extension), increase in muscle length

Question 55

Name the 3 types of connective tissues of muscles.

Answer 55

Tendon, sheath, and fascia.

Question 56

Describe tendons.

Answer 56

Tough, cord-like, fibrous. Connects muscle to bone . Elastic but not contractile. All muscles connected to bone via tendon vary in length.

Question 57

Name and describe the 3 types of sheaths.

Answer 57

Endomysium: connective tissue surrounding individual myofibers. Perimysium: connective tissue surrounding skeletal muscle fascicles Epimysium: dense connective tissue surrounding entire muscle organ

Question 58

What is the function of sheath?

Answer 58

Bundle/align myofibers and fascicles for proper force transmission, improve gliding of fibers.

Question 59

Define fascia.

Answer 59

Sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue that envelops, separates or binds together structures such as muscles, organs and other soft tissues