Bones, Muscles, and Joints Flashcards
Define the musculoskeletal system.
System(s) of rigid elements (bones) that can be moved relative to each other at linkage points (joints) by actuators (muscles), to generate forces/movements.
Explain what passive and active mean.
Passive: bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments.
Active: muscles (tendons)
Need an active component to move the passive component.
Name 3 functions of bone tissue.
Storage of minerals (ie calcium), homeostasis, resistance (stress)
Name 3 functions of bones as organs.
Blood cell production (marrow), support, individual levers.
Name 3 functions of the MSK.
Protection, support, movement through leverage.
Explain the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton. Give 4 examples for each.
Axial: midline structures
- skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum
Appendicular: appendages
- pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, upper limb bones, lower limb bones
Name the 5 types of bones.
Long, short, sesamoid, flat, irregular.
Describe long bones and give examples.
Long, slender, tubular.
Ex: humerus, tibia, fingers, toes
Describe short bones and give examples.
Short, cuboid.
Ex: carpals
Describe sesamoid bones and give examples.
Round/oval, develop in tendons
Ex: patella, bone under big toe and thumb
Describe flat bones and give examples.
2 plates of compact bone separated by spongy bone.
Ex: bones of the skull
Describe irregular bones and give examples.
Complex shapes, notched or rigid surfaces.
Ex: vertebrae, scapula.
Name the 7 parts of a long bone from top to bottom.
Proximal epiphysis
Proximal growth plate
Proximal metaphysis
Diaphysis (shaft)
Distal metaphysis
Distal growth plate
Distal epiphysis
In a typical transverse slice of a long bone, name the 2 visible components. What changes towards the middle of the bone? What is particular about the ends of the bone?
From innermost to outermost, you would see spongy (trabecular) bone and then compact bone (coracle bone). Towards the middle, the sponge becomes hollow, creating a medullary canal/marrow cavity. The ends of the bone have articular cartilage.
Name 7 portions of the long bone anatomy.
Red marrow (spongy bone), yellow marrow, blood vessels, blood stem cell, RBCs, WBCs, platelets
What is periosteum, what is it’s function, and which type of bone is it found on?
Found on long bones. Thin coat on outer surface with fibrous and cellular layers. It supports growth and healing.
Name and explain the process of bone growth (5 steps)0.
Called endochondral ossification.
1. Future bones laid down as cartilage “templates”
2. Bone laid down at primary ossification center, grows towards epiphysis.
3. Epiphyses develop at secondary ossification centers.
4. Primary and secondary ossification centers converge and create growth plates (epiphyseal plates).
5. Growth plates regulate longitudinal growth until skeletal maturity.
What fuses when growth plate closure is experienced?
Diaphysis and epiphysis. The epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal line.
Define foramen.
Opening/hole
Passage through a bone
Define fossa.
Hollow/depressed area.
Define facet.
Smooth, flat, articular surface.
Define process.
Outgrowth or boney projection.
Define tubercle.
Round, nodular, raised eminence or outgrowth. Usually for articulation or muscular attachment.