Bones, joints and muscles Flashcards
suggest how a diagram of a bone of an individual with osteoporosis, like Audrey, might look different from a healthy bone.
Less dense/ cells more spaced out/ less well-structured / more porous/more holes
After years of playing rugby, harry has developed severe arthritis
Explain treatment options for arthritis
Steroids/NSAID’s/anti-inflammatories which reduce swelling and inflammation of joint
Drugs eg paracetamol to alleviate pain
(cortico)steroid injections into the joint to reduce swelling
Regular low intensity exercise eg swimming
Weight loss if overweight to reduce pressure on the joints
Joint manipulation eg physiotherapy to strengthen muscles around the joint/keep joint flexible
Support devices eg walking sticks which take off some weight off the joint eg splint/brace to support joint eg footwear to reduce forces passing through the joint
Surgery eg arthroscopy to clean debris in joint or knee replacement to renew affected joint
Complementary therapies eg supplements such as glucosamine and chondroitin
Explain how the action of muscles around synorial joints result in movement
muscles work in pairs
muscles are antagonist’s
muscles can pull but not push
one muscle contracts to straighten the joint
-other contract to straighten the joint
-one contracts other relaxes
Identify the structures of an elbow joint
Tendon
Ligament
Cartilage
synovial fluid /synovial capsule
Identify the type of joint found at each of the location’s listed below
Hip
Wrist
Type of joint
Hip- ball and socket
Wrist- gliding/sliding/condyloid
The knee is an example o a synovial joints
Function
- attaches bones to bone
- lubricates+ nourishes joint
- reduces friction during movement
Cartilage, ligament, tendon, synovial fluid, synovial membrane
ligament
Synovial fluid
cartilage
Identify four possible treatments for arthritis
Physiotherapy
steroids
biological treatments
Pain killers
Identify the parts of the body that has the type of joint in the table below
choose from the following: knee/cranuim/wrist/hip/neck
type of joint – part of body
Fixed joint pivot joint sliding joint ball and socket joint hinge joint
Cranium Neck wrist hip knee
Many people have arthritis that affects their joints
Explain two different possible causes of arthritis
wear and tear on joints, linked to sport
family history eg genetics
Explain the changes that have occurred in pamela’s bone and their possible consequences
bone forming cells have reduced their activity whist the bone removing cells have increased theirs
bones become weak and less dense consequences
bones acute more and can restrict level of exercise
increased chances of fractures especially limbs and hip
Audrey has been diagnosed with osteoporosis.
Identify 4 possible risk factors or causes of osteoporosis
females(at higher risk) excess alcohol
Linked to post menopause
linked to anorexia
family history
smoking
lack of exercise
shortage of calcium in diet
Donald,68,has severe osteoathritis in his knee and hands
explain what happens in a joint to cause arthritis
synovial fluid dries up
erosion of cartilage
stiffness of joint
bone ends rub or make contact with each others
extra bone growth can develop resulting in further friction points
Explain the option that are available to harry to treat arthritis
drugs- paracetamol to manage pain and reduce inflammation
regular low intensity exercise(swimming)
weight loss if overweight to reduce pressure on joints
support devices eg crutches, walking stick
analyse strategies that pamela may wish to follow in order to minimise the effects of her osteoporosis.
healthy diet pain killers to reduce aches reduce hazards (trip)at home reduce alcohol intake reduce smoking
state three possible methods of monitoring or treatment that audrey might have for her osteoporosis
bone density scan (dexa)
blood tests
calcium and vitamin D supplements
HRT for post- menopausal woman
