Bones, joints, and muscle classification

Question 1

Long bone

Answer 1

longer than they are wide. ex: femur, fibula, tibia, humerus, radius, ulna

Question 2

Short bone

Answer 2

small, cube-shaped bones. ex: carpals, tarsals

Question 3

Flat bone

Answer 3

curved surface and vary from thick to thin. ex: ilium, ribs, sternum, clavicle, scapula

Question 4

Irregular bone

Answer 4

doesn’t fit into other categories. ex: ishium, pubis, maxilla

Question 5

Sesamoid bone

Answer 5

bones that we are not born with; embedded in tendons. ex: tendon in the big toe, patellar tendon

Question 6

Synarthroses

Answer 6

(sutures and gomphosis) immovable

Question 7

Amphiarthroses

Answer 7

(syndesmosis, symphysis, synchrondosis) slightly moveable

Question 8

Diarthroses

Answer 8

(arthroidial, condyloidal, enarthrodial, ginglymus [hinge], sellar [saddle], trochoidal [pivot/screw]) freely moveable

Question 9

Parallel fiber arrangement

Answer 9

fibers arranged in parallel to the length of the muscle, generally can produce a greater ROM.

Question 10

Flat (parallel)

Answer 10

thin, broad

Question 11

Fusiform (parallel)

Answer 11

spindle-shaped; central belly and tapered ends

Question 12

Strap (parallel)

Answer 12

uniform in diameter; almost all fibers are long and parallel

Question 13

Radiate (parallel)

Answer 13

triangular, fan-shaped, convergent, combo of flat and fusiform

Question 14

Sphincter (parallel)

Answer 14

circular, endless strap muscle; eyes and mouth

Question 15

Pennate fiber arrangements

Answer 15

shorter fibers that are arranged obliquely to their tendons

Question 16

Unipennate (pennate)

Answer 16

fibers run obliquely from a tendon on one side only

Question 17

Bipennate (pennate)

Answer 17

fibers run obliquely from a tendon on both sides

Question 18

Multipennate (pennate)

Answer 18

several tendons with fibers running diagonally between them

Question 19

Intrinsic

Answer 19

muscle within or belonging solely to the body part which it acts

Question 20

Extrinsic

Answer 20

muscles that arise or originate outside of the body part on which they act

Question 21

Isometric

Answer 21

occurs when tension is developed but there is no change in length. “static contractions”

Question 22

Isotonic

Answer 22

occurs when tension is developed and there is a change in joint angle. “dynamic”

Question 23

Concentric (isotonic)

Answer 23

muscle develops active tension as it shortens

Question 24

Eccentric (isotonic)

Answer 24

muscle lengthens while under tension. occurs when the muscle gradually lessens in tension to control the descent of the resistance

Question 25

Agonist

Answer 25

concentric contraction = causes joint motion through a specified plane of motion

Question 26

Prime movers (agonist)

Answer 26

subclass that provide more to the joint movement

Question 27

Assisters (agonist)

Answer 27

provide less to joint movement

Question 28

Antagonist

Answer 28

opposite from agonist, located opposite side of a joint from the agonist, work in cooperation with agonists by relaxing to allow for movement

Question 29

Stabilizers

Answer 29

surround joint or body part and contract to fixate or stabilize the area, allows another limb to exert force and move

Question 30

Synergist

Answer 30

assist agonist but are not prime movers, help to refine movement and rule out undesired motion

Question 31

Neutralizers

Answer 31

counteract or neutralize the action of other muscles to prevent undesirable movements

Question 32

Force couples

Answer 32

occur when 2 or more forces are pulling in different directions on an object