Bones & Joints

Question 1

What is a joint?

Answer 1

Union between two bones

Question 2

What are the three main groups of joints?

Answer 2

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

Synovial

Question 3

What are the three fibrous joints?

Answer 3

Sutures

Syndesmoses

Gomphoses

Question 4

Where are sutures found?

Answer 4

Between skull bones

Question 5

What is the function of fibrous joints?

Answer 5

Allow growth but not movement

Question 6

What are the gaps in a foetal skull called?

Answer 6

Fontanelles

Question 7

Why are the sutures wide in foetal skulls?

Answer 7

Allow movement of bones in head when passing through the birth canal

Question 8

What are the three types of sutures?

Answer 8

Squamous

Serrated

Denticulate

Question 9

What is a syndesmoses?

Answer 9

Two bones slightly apart, joined by an interosseous membrane

Question 10

What type of collagen is present in the interosseous membrane?

Answer 10

Type I

Question 11

What is an example of a syndesmoses?

Answer 11

Radius and ulna

Question 12

What is a gomphoses?

Answer 12

Fibrous tissue arranged as the periodontal ligament of the tooth root in a jaw

Question 13

What is the function of a gomphoses?

Answer 13

Shock absorbers

Prevent enamel breaking by allowing slight tooth movement

Question 14

What are the cartilaginous joints called?

Answer 14

Symphyses

Synchondroses

Question 15

What is a symphysis?

Answer 15

Partially moveable joint

Apposing surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage but are separated by intervening fibrocartilage

Question 16

What is a synchondroses?

Answer 16

Solid plate of hyaline cartilage between apposing surfaces (epiphyseal plate)

Question 17

What is the role of a synchondroses?

Answer 17

Provide an area for growth

Question 18

What type of joint helps add length to the base of the skull (pharynx development)?

Answer 18

Spheno-occipital synchondrosis

Question 19

What are the four typical features of a synovial joint?

Answer 19

Articulating surfaces covered in hyaline cartilage

Joint cavity

Joint capsule

Synovial membrane

Question 20

What are two possible additional features of synovial joints?

Answer 20

Bursae

Disc

Question 21

Why do synovial joints have hyaline cartilage instead of just bone?

Answer 21

Tough but deformable so adapts under pressure

Question 22

What is the role of the joint cavity?

Answer 22

Separate ends of bones

Question 23

What is the role of the joint capsule?

Answer 23

Surround joint (like a sleeve) and completely enclose it

Question 24

What are the thickenings of the joint capsule called?

Answer 24

Ligaments

Question 25

What makes up the joint capsule?

Answer 25

Bundles of collagen fibres

Question 26

What does the synovial membrane line?

Answer 26

Joint capsule interior NOT articular surfaces

Question 27

How does the viscosity of synovial fluid change as speed of joint movement increases?

Answer 27

Decreases

Question 28

What does a synovial joint disc do?

Answer 28

Separates joint cavity into 2 to increase range of movement

Question 29

What are bursae?

Answer 29

Sacs filled with synovial fluid

Question 30

Where do you find bursae?

Answer 30

Where structures moving relative to each other are in tight apposition

Question 31

What kind of movement is gliding?

Answer 31

Two surfaces slide over each other Any direction but small distance travelled

Question 32

What are the two pairs of angular movements and what do they do?

Answer 32

Flexion - decreases angle at a joint; extension - increases angle at a joint Abduction - move away from midline; adduction - move toward midline

Question 33

What are the two opposing rotational movements and what do they do?

Answer 33

External/lateral - turn away from midline Internal/medial - turn toward midline

Question 34

Where do rotational movements occur?

Answer 34

Head Arm from shoulder

Question 35

What is pronation? What is the opposite movement?

Answer 35

Turn palm to face posteriorly Supination

Question 36

What is inversion? What is the opposite movement?

Answer 36

Turn plantar surface of foot medially Eversion

Question 37

What does uniaxial describe?

Answer 37

Joints with only one axis of rotation/movement

Question 38

What does biaxial describe?

Answer 38

Joints with two axes of movement that are at right angles to each other

Question 39

What does multiaxial describe?

Answer 39

Joints with more than two axes of movement

Question 40

What does non-axial describe?

Answer 40

Smaller joints that can move in all directions

Question 41

Describe the anatomy of the temporomandibular joint

Answer 41

Condyle of mandible fits into fossa in temporal bone Fossa is surrounded by a bar of bone except anteriorly Loose joint capsule with lateral ligament and 2 accessory ligaments 4 major pairs of muscles that move joint form a rotator cuff around it