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BMS09 > Bone Cells, Cartilage & Function > Flashcards

Bone Cells, Cartilage & Function Flashcards

1
Q

What type of connective tissue is bone?

A

Hard

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2
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A

Support body (skeleton)

Muscle attachment (via tendons)

Protection of internal organs

Haematopoiesis (bone marrow)

Mineral homeostasis

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3
Q

What does bone generally consist of?

A

Cells

Matrix (organic)

Mineral (inorganic)

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4
Q

How much of bone is mineral?

A

75%

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5
Q

How much of bone is organic matrix?

A

25%

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6
Q

What is bone matrix made up of (and give percentages)?

A

Collagen type I - 90%

Non-collagenous proteins - 5%

Water - 5%

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7
Q

What non-collagenous proteins are present in bone matrix?

A

Osteocalcin

Osteopontin

Bone sialoprotein

GAGs

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8
Q

What is the mineral component of bone made up of?

A

Hydroxyapatite

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9
Q

How many bones are in a typical adult body?

A

206

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10
Q

What shape are osteoblasts?

A

Cuboidal

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11
Q

Where do osteoblasts sit?

A

On bone surface

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12
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

Synthesise osteoid/bone matrix

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13
Q

What do osteoblasts contain a lot of and why?

A

RER and Golgi apparatus

Synthesis of collagen type I

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14
Q

What cell junctions are present between osteoblasts?

A

Gap junctions

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15
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Terminally differentiated osteoblasts

Surrounded by bone matrix

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16
Q

How long do osteocytes live for?

A

25 years

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17
Q

Where are osteocytes found (sitting in)?

A

Osteocyte lacunae

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18
Q

How are osteocytes connected?

A

Canaliculi (gap junctions)

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19
Q

What do lining cells do?

A

“Resting” and may be reactivated to become osteoblasts

Line bone

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20
Q

What are osteoprogenitor cells?

A

Osteoblast precursors

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21
Q

Where are osteoprogenitors found?

A

Above osteoblasts in periosteum

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22
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Bone-resorbing cells

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23
Q

Where are osteoclasts found (sitting in)?

A

Howship’s lacunae

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24
Q

How would you distinguish an osteoclast on a slide?

A

Large, multinucleated

25
Q

What allows attachment of an osteoclast to bone?

A

Sealing/clear zone

26
Q

What is the ruffled border of an osteoclast for?

A

Increase surface area for proton and chloride channels for mineral acidification

27
Q

What are the two stem cells of bone cells?

A

Mesenchymal stem cells = all except osteoclasts

Haematopoietic stem cells = osteoclasts

28
Q

What cells are most abundant in cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes

29
Q

Where do you find chondrocytes (sitting in)?

A

Chondrocyte lacunae

30
Q

What does fibrocartilage consist of?

A

Dense collagen I fibres added to hyaline matrix

31
Q

What does elastic cartilage consist of?

A

Elastin fibres added to hyaline matrix

32
Q

Where is type I collagen found?

A

Skin

Bone

Tendons

Dentin

33
Q

What type of collagen is found in cartilage?

34
Q

Where is type III collagen found?

A

Blood vessels

Skin

35
Q

Where is type IV collagen found?

A

Basement membrane

36
Q

What do proteoglycans consist of?

A

GAGs attached to a core protein

37
Q

What proteoglycan is prominent in cartilage?

38
Q

What is the function of osteocalcin?

A

Calcium binding

39
Q

What is the function of osteonectin?

A

Calcium binding

40
Q

What is the function of osteopontin?

A

Attachment of cells to matrix

41
Q

What is the function of bone sialoprotein?

A

Attachment of cells to matrix

42
Q

What proteins allow attachment of cells to bone matrix?

A

Osteopontin

Bone sialoprotein

43
Q

What proteins are involved in calcium binding?

A

Osteocalcin

Osteonectin

44
Q

What are the functions of biglycan and decorin?

A

Regulation of collagen fibril formation

Mineralisation

45
Q

What is woven/coarse-bundle bone classified as?

A

Immature bone

46
Q

Where is woven bone found?

A

During development

Fracture healing (or pathological bone)

47
Q

What is lamellar bone classified as?

A

Mature bone

48
Q

What is the difference between lamellar and woven bone?

A

Lamellar - lower cellular content, regular parallel collagen fibres, heavily calcified

49
Q

What causes lamellae in bone?

A

Osteoblasts form/secrete osteoid in waves

50
Q

How thick is a lamella in bone?

A

~5 microns

51
Q

What is between layers of lamellae?

A

Interlamellar cement

52
Q

How thick is interlamellar cement?

A

0.1 microns

53
Q

What are the two types of lamellar bone?

A

Cortical and trabecular

54
Q

What structures does the arrangement of the lamellae in cortical bone give rise to?

A

Haversian systems/osteons

55
Q

What are the three types of cortical lamellae?

A

Circumferential

Interstitial

Concentric

56
Q

What is an Haversian system/osteon?

A

Concentric system of lamellae surrounding tubular channels containing blood vessels, nerves, etc

57
Q

What are the nutritive canals found in cortical bone called?

A

Haversian canals (LS)

Volkmann’s canals (connect Haversian canals, TS)

58
Q

Why is the number of lamellae in a single osteon limited?

A

Oldest osteocytes cannot be too far from blood to get nutrients otherwise it will die (bone isn’t permeable)

BMS09 (4 decks)

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