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Zoology > Bones (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Bones (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of bones?

A

Osteology

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2
Q

What is the major producer of blood cells?

A

Red bone marrow

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3
Q

The connective tissue that makes up bones is called

A

osseous tissue

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4
Q

Thin, often curved, bones are classified as what shape?

A

Flat bone

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5
Q

What shape is the humerus?

A

Long bone

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6
Q

What bone shape are vertebrae classified as?

A

Irregular

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7
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

Protection, blood formation, acid-base balance, support

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8
Q

What bone shape are the carpal bones of the wrist?

A

Short

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9
Q

Which osseous tissue is found at the surface of all bones?

A

Compact

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10
Q

Most long bones are found in

A

the limbs

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11
Q

Stem cells in developing bone that gives rise to osteoblasts are called

A

osteogenic cells

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12
Q

Hydroxyapatite makes up part of the _________ component of the bony matrix

A

Inorganic

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13
Q

What are the layers of the bony matrix in compact bone tissue called?

A

Lamellae

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14
Q

Within compact bone, a central canal is found at the center of

A

an osteon

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15
Q

T/F Compact bone comprises most of the diaphysis of a long bone

A

True

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16
Q

T/F Osteogenic cells are stem cells in the endosteum, periosteum, and central canals that can become chondrocytes

A

False

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17
Q

T/F Spongy bone is primarily made up of osteons

A

False

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18
Q

The layers of bony matrix arranged around the central canal of an osteon are called

A

Concentric lamellae

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19
Q

In longitudinal views, osteons are

A

cylinders

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20
Q

Where is red bone marrow found in the bones of a child?

A

Almost all bones

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21
Q

Which structures in the spongy bone line up along the bone’s stress lines?

A

Trabeculae

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22
Q

The basic structural unit of compact bone is

A

osteon

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23
Q

Fatty bone marrow that no longer produces blood cells is

A

yellow bone marrow

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24
Q

In adults, which bone marrow is limited to the axial skeleton, pectoral, and pelvic girdles, and proximal heads of the humerus and femur?

A

Red bone marrow

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25
Q

What are the methods of ossification that occur in the development of the skeletal system?

A

Endochondral and intramembranous

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26
Q

Lacunae are located between concentric rings of compact bone tissue called

A

Lamellae

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27
Q

What is the function of yellow bone marrow?

A

Energy storage

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28
Q

The bones of the skull are formed by which type of ossification?

A

Intramembranous

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29
Q

Where does bone formation occur during endochondral ossification?

A

Hyaline cartilage model

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30
Q

An increase in the length of a long bone occurs through the process of

A

Interstitial growth

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31
Q

During bone remodeling, the cells that remove unnecessary bone mass are called

A

osteoclasts

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32
Q

Mineral deposition into bones begins when?

A

In fetal ossification

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33
Q

As a flat bone is produced by intramembranous ossification, which cells are responsible for the resorption of bone tissue that carves out the spongy bone’s trabeculae?

A

Osteoclasts

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34
Q

The cartilage that is the tissue that is replaced with bone during endochondral ossification is

A

hyaline cartilage

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35
Q

What is low blood calcium called?

A

Hypocalcemia

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36
Q

Which type of bone growth occurs within cartilage and results in bone elongation?

A

Interstitial

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37
Q

Which mineral is more closely regulated by the body?

A

Calcium

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38
Q

Where do the calcium and phosphate used to mineralize bone come from?

A

Blood

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39
Q

Hormones that affect bone growth and development

A

Calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, testosterone, estrogen

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40
Q

High blood calcium levels

A

Hypercalcemia

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41
Q

A mass of blood in the tissue

A

Hematoma (bruise)

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42
Q

How does calcitriol affect blood phosphate levels?

A

It raises them

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43
Q

_______ has a greater effect on bone growth

A

Estrogen

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44
Q

What often causes the loss of bone mass seen in osteoporosis in older women?

A

A loss of estrogen

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45
Q

Which cells have a ruffled border and secrete hydrochloric acid?

A

Osteoclasts

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46
Q

The marrow cavity of an adult bone may contain

A

Myeloid tissue

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47
Q

The spurt of growth in puberty results from cell proliferation and hypertrophy in

A

The epiphysial plate

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48
Q

Osteoclasts are most closely related by common descent, to

A

Blood cells

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49
Q

The walls between cartilage lacunae break down in the zone of

A

Bone deposition

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50
Q

Which of these is not an effect of PTH?

A

Rise in blood phosphate lvel

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51
Q

A child jumps to the ground from the top of a playground jungle gym. His leg bones do not shatter mainly because they contain

A

Collagen fibers

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52
Q

One long-bone meets the other at its

A

epiphysis

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53
Q

Calcitriol is made from

A

7-dehydrocholesterol

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54
Q

One sign of osteoporosis is

A

A spontaneous wrist fracture

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55
Q

Osteocytes contact each other through channels called ______ in the bone matrix

A

Canaliculi

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56
Q

A bone increases in diameter only by _____ growth, the addition new surface lamellae

A

Appositional

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57
Q

Seed crystals of hydroxyapatite form only when the levels of calcium and phosphate in the tissue exceed the _____

A

Solubility product

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58
Q

calcium deficiency called ______ can cause death by suffocation

A

Hypocalcemia

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59
Q

cells that secrete collagen and stimulate calcium phosphate deposition

A

Osteoblasts

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60
Q

The most active form of vitamin D, produced mainly by the kidneys is

A

Calcitriol

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61
Q

The transitional region between epiphysial cartilage and the primary marrow cavity of a young bone is called the

A

Metaphysis

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62
Q

A pregnant, poorly nourished woman may suffer a softening of the bones called

A

Osteomalacia

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63
Q

The flat cranial bones are composed of compact bone only, with no spongy bone

A

The flat cranial bones have a middle layer of spongy bone called the diploe

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64
Q

In endochondral ossification, bone tissue is formed by the calcification of pre-existing cartilage

A

Cartilage is removed and replaced by bone, not calcified and transformed into bone

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65
Q

Osteoblasts are multipotent stem cells

A

Osteoblasts give rise only to osteocytes and are therefore unipotent

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66
Q

The protein of the bone matrix is called hydroxyapatite

A

Hydroxyapatite is the major mineral of bone; the major protein is collagen

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67
Q

Osteocytes are nourished by blood capillaries in the canaliculi of the osteons

A

Osteons have blood vessels in their central canals, not in the canaliculi

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68
Q

Vitamin D promotes bone deposition, not resorption

A

The major effect of vitamin D is bone resorption though it promotes deposition

69
Q

Parathyroid hormone stimulates bone deposition by osteoblasts

A

PHT indirectly promotes resorption, not deposition

70
Q

Name at least five tissues found in the bone:

A

Marrow cavity, spongy bone, articular cartilage (hylaine), perforating fibers, nutrient foramina, yellow bone marrow

71
Q

List three or more functions other than supporting the body and protecting some internal organs

A

Electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, blood formation, and movement

72
Q

Sternum, scapula, and hip bone

A

Flat bone

73
Q

Humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, and fibula

A

Long bone

74
Q

Carpals and tarsals

A

Short bone

75
Q

Vertebra, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones of the skull

A

Irregular bone

76
Q

Shaft

A

Diaphysis

77
Q

Head

A

Epiphysis

78
Q

Growth zone

A

Epiphyseal plate

79
Q

Fibrous covering

A

Periosteum

80
Q

Three organic components of the bone matrix

A

Collagen,carbohydrate, and glyoproteins

81
Q

What does hemopoietic tissue mean?

A

Tissue that produces blood cells, so red bone marrow

82
Q

The ___________ is an example of bone as an organ; ___________ bone is an example of bone as a tissue.

A

Femur;Spongy

83
Q

Which one of the following bone cells would have the greatest number of lysosomes?

A

Osteoclasts

84
Q

Mature bones are remodeled throughout life via a process known as __________.

A

Appositional growth

85
Q

Synthesized by the combined action of the skin, kidneys, and liver, _________ promotes bone resorption but is also necessary for bone deposition.

A

Calcitriol

86
Q

In hyaline cartilage, the cells that produce new matrix are called

A

Chondroblasts

87
Q

Chondrocytes receive nutrients in this manner

A

Diffusion through matrix

88
Q

This flexible strength of bone is attributed to

A

collagen fibers

89
Q

Osteochondral progenitor cells give rise to

A

Osteoblasts and condroblasts

90
Q

T/F Nutrients travel to osteocytes in this order:
1. blood vessels in the medullary cavity
2. central canal
3. canaliculi
4. perforating (volkmann’s) canals
5. cytoplasm of the osteocytes

A

False

91
Q

Endochondral ossification begins during

A

fetal development

92
Q

T/F Bones produced by intramembranous or endochondral ossification are indistinguishable because both initially produce woven bone which is then remodeled

A

True

93
Q

This can be said of intramembranous ossification

A
  • it forms the frontal and parietal bones
  • fontanels are found between skull bones
  • osteoblasts lay down matrix around collagen fibers
94
Q

In this zone of the epiphyseal plate, new cartilage is produced as the chondrocytes divide and form stacks of cells

A

Proliferation

95
Q

T/F Growth in bone width occurs in this order
1. osteoblasts lay down bone to form ridges with grooves in between
2. grooves are changed into tunnels
3. concentric lamellae are made
4. an osteon is produced

A

True

96
Q

When a fracture is healing, these cells move into the fracture site and tear down the damaged bone

A

Osteoclasts

97
Q

Bone remodeling is involved in

A
  • Bone growth
  • Changes in bone shape
  • Calcium regulation in the body
  • Bone repair
98
Q

T/F The definition of bone remodeling is the construction of bone around blood vessels forming an osteon

A

False

99
Q

This process of bone repair requires the longest amount of time

A

Bone remodeling

100
Q

If a fracture occurs in the diaphysis of a long bone, the structure that forms between the ends of the bone, as well as the medullary cavity, is called

A

Internal callus

101
Q

These kinds of fractures are complete fractures in which the bone breaks into multiple pieces

A

Comminuted

102
Q

This kind of tissue has many small spaces, is found mainly in the epiphysis, and is arranged into trabeculae

A

Cancellous (spongy) bone

103
Q

This hormone, which is secreted by the anterior pituitary, increases bone growth by stimulating interstitial cartilage growth and appositional bone growth

A

Growth

104
Q

Vitamin C deficiency causes this disorder which is characterized by ulcerations, hemorrhage, and poor wound healing

A

Scurvy

105
Q

This hormone stimulates an increased number of osteoclasts which increases blood calcium levels

A

Parathyroid (PTH)

106
Q

This structure covers the outer surface of bones and serves as an attachment site for tendons and ligaments

A

Periosteum

107
Q

These kinds of bones contain air-filled sinuses which are lined with mucous membranes

A

Irregular and flat bones

108
Q

What is the functional significance of a long bone being wider at the epiphyses than at the diaphysis?

A

The wider epiphyses provide surface area for muscle attachment and bone articulation, while the narrowness of the diaphysis minimizes weight.

109
Q

Which zones account for a child’s growth in height?

A

Zones of cell proliferation and cell hypertrophy

110
Q

The most active form of vitamin D is

A

Calcitriol

111
Q

Osteoblastic activity in children is stimulated by the hormone

A

Calcitonin

112
Q

When blood calcium levels drop, glands embedded in the posterior thyroid secrete _______ hormone, which stimulates osteoclastic activity

A

Parathyroid

113
Q

The hormone ________ influences both resorption and deposition of bone

A

Calcitriol

114
Q

Vitamin D stimulates the absorption of dietary calcium from the

A

digestive system

115
Q

The outcome of increased blood calcium is

A
  • Osteoclastic activity
  • Calcitriol
  • Parathyroid hormone
  • Increased bone resorption
  • Inhibition of osteoblasts
  • Increased urinary excretion of phosphate
116
Q

The outcome of decreased blood calcium:

A
  • Osteoblastic activity
  • Living at a northern latitude
  • Increased use of sunblock
  • Calcitonin
117
Q

Compact Bone

A
  • Made up of osteons
  • Also called dense bone
  • Visible, obvious, central canals
  • Found in greater proportion in the bone diaphyses
118
Q

Spongy Bone

A
  • Composed of trabeculae
  • Convey strength with lightweight
  • Found in greater proportions in flat bones
  • Gaps between ossified material are filled with marrow
  • Arranged along the lines of forces that are encountered
  • Found in greater proportions in the bone epiphysis
119
Q

Organic

A
  • Collagen
  • Glycosaminoglycans
  • Proteoglycans
  • Glycoproteins
  • Provides flexibility
  • Resists tensile (pulling) forces
120
Q

Inorganic

A
  • Hydroxyapatite
  • Calcium carbonate
  • Provides hardness
  • Resists compressive (pushing) forces
121
Q

Not all compact bone is organized around a central canal with concentric lamellae. Lamellae found in the inner and outer boundaries of dense bone run parallel to the bone surface. These lamellae are called

A

Circumferential

122
Q

The hydrogen ion pump in osteoclasts became blocked. You would expect the osteoclasts to

A

Be unable to digest either minerals or collagen

123
Q

In order for mineralization to begin, two steps must occur. These steps are

A

the solubility product must be reached and the inhibitors are neutralized.

124
Q

A fracture of the distal end of the radius and ulna is called a

A

Colles

125
Q

The ___ forms by endochondral ossification.

A

Humerus

126
Q

A soft callus forms during

A

The healing of a fracture

127
Q

Bones that serve as levers and are moved by skeletal muscle to produce movement are termed

A

Long bones

128
Q

Fat is stored in

A

the medullary cavity of long bones.

129
Q

T/F Each osteocyte of compact bone is supplied by blood capillaries in its lacuna.

A

False

130
Q

Bone tissue can be described as

A

dense, hard connective tissue

131
Q

Sesamoid bones are found embedded in

A

tendons

132
Q

Which category of bone is among the most numerous in the skeleton?

A

long bone

133
Q

Long bones enable body movement by acting as a

A

lever

134
Q

The diaphysis contains

A

fat storage

135
Q

Which of the following occurs in the spongy bone of the epiphysis?

A

hematopoiesis

136
Q

Which of the following are incapable of undergoing mitosis?

A

osteoblasts and osteocytes

137
Q

Which cells do not originate from osteogenic cells?

A

osteoprogenitor cells

138
Q

found in compact bone and cancellous bone?

A

lamellae

139
Q

The area of a bone where the nutrient foramen passes forms what kind of bone marking?

A

a hole

140
Q

thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber

A

articular cartilage

141
Q

where two bone surfaces meet

A

articulation

142
Q

channels within the bone matrix that house one of an osteocyte’s many cytoplasmic extensions that it uses to communicate and receive nutrients

A

canaliculi

143
Q

layer of spongy bone, that is sandwiched between two the layers of compact bone found in flat bones

A

diploe

144
Q

delicate membranous lining of a bone’s medullary cavity

A

endosteum

145
Q

spaces in a bone that house an osteocyte

A

lacunae

146
Q

small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment

A

nutrient foramen

147
Q

primary cell in mature bone; responsible for maintaining the matrix

A

osteocyte

148
Q

undifferentiated cell with high mitotic activity; the only bone cells that divide; they differentiate and develop into osteoblasts

A

osteogenic cell

149
Q

channel that branches off from the central canal and houses vessels and nerves that extend to the periosteum and endosteum

A

perforating canal

150
Q

bone markings where part of the surface sticks out above the rest of the surface, where tendons and ligaments attach

A

projection

151
Q

Why is cartilage slow to heal?

A

because it does not have a blood supply

152
Q

Why are osteocytes spread out in bone tissue?

A

Formation of osteoid spreads out the osteoblasts that formed the ossification centers.

153
Q

In endochondral ossification, what happens to the chondrocytes?

A

They die in the calcified matrix that surrounds them and form the medullary cavity.

154
Q

represents the correct sequence of zones in the epiphyseal plate

A

calcification, maturation, proliferation, reserved

155
Q

region of the epiphyseal plate that makes new chondrocytes to replace those that die at the diaphyseal end of the plate and contributes to longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate

A

proliferative zone

156
Q

region of the epiphyseal plate that anchors the plate to the osseous tissue of the epiphysis

A

reserve zone

157
Q

region of the epiphyseal plate closest to the diaphyseal end; functions to connect the epiphyseal plate to the diaphysis

A

zone of calcified matrix

158
Q

region of the epiphyseal plate where chondrocytes from the proliferative zone grow and mature and contribute to the longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate

A

zone of maturation and hypertrophy

159
Q

uncalcified bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts

A

osteoid

160
Q

manual manipulation of a broken bone to set it into its natural position without surgery

A

closed reduction

161
Q

fibrocartilaginous matrix, in the endosteal region, between the two ends of a broken bone

A

internal callus

162
Q

surgical exposure of a bone to reset a fracture

A

open reduction

163
Q

Wolff’s law, which describes the effect of mechanical forces in bone modeling/remodeling, would predict that ________

A

a right-handed pitcher will have thicker bones in his right arm compared to his left.

164
Q

food that is best for bone health

A

leafy green vegetables

165
Q

With respect to their direct effects on osseous tissue, which pair of hormones has actions that oppose each other?

A

calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

166
Q

Inhibits osteoclast activity and stimulates calcium uptake by bones

A

Calcitonin

167
Q

Stimulates absorption of calcium and phosphate from the digestive tract

A

Calcitriol

168
Q

When calcium levels are too high or too low, which body system is primarily affected?

A

the nervous system

169
Q

most likely to be released when blood calcium levels are elevated

A

calcitonin

Zoology (5 decks)

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