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A&P 1 > Bones and skeletal tissues > Flashcards

Bones and skeletal tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What is perichondrium

A

Dense connective tissue girdle that contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery to cartilage

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2
Q

What is hyaline cartilage

A

Provide support, flexibility, and resilience

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3
Q

What is elastic cartilage

A

similar to hyaline, but contain elastic fibers

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4
Q

what is fibrocartilage

A

collagen fibers with great tensile strength and it absorbs compressive shock

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5
Q

What is appositional growth of cartilage

A

Cells secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage, increase of diameter

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6
Q

What is interstitial growth of cartilage

A

Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within, increase of length

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7
Q

What are the 7 functions of bones

A

Support, protection, storage, blood cell formation, triglyceride storage, and hormone production

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8
Q

What is compact bone

A

Dense outer layer

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9
Q

What is spongy bone

A

Also known as trabecular bone, it is a honeycomb for trabeculae and has open spaces filled with bone marrow

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10
Q

What is a diaphysis (shaft)

A

Compact bone collar surrounding medullary (marrow) cavity, which in adults contains fat (yellow marrow)

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11
Q

What is epiphyses

A

Expanded ends, spongy bone interior, epiphyseal line, and articular (hyaline) cartilage on joint surfaces

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12
Q

What is periosteum membrane

A
  • the outer fibrous layer (mostly osteogenic cells that give rise to all bone cells except bone destroying cells)
  • Nerve fibers, nutrient blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels enter the bone via nutrient foramina
  • Secured to underlying bone by perforating fibers
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13
Q

What is endosteum

A
  • Delicate membrane on internal surfaces of bone
  • Contains osteogenic cells
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14
Q

What is the structure of short, irregular, and flat bones

A
  • Periosteum covered compact bone on the outside
  • Endosteum covered spongy bone within
  • Spongy bone called diploë in flat bones
  • bone marrow between the trabeculae
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15
Q

What is hematopoietic tissue

A

red bone marrow

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16
Q

Describe bone cavities in adults vs infants

A

In adults trabecular cavities are in the heads of the femur and humerus as well as the diploë in flat bones. In infants medullary cavities and all spaces in spongy bone

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17
Q

What are the cells of the bone

A

Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and bone-lining cells

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18
Q

What are osteogenic cells

A

Stem cells in periosteum and endosteum that give rise to osteoblasts and bone lining cells. Develops into an osteoblast basically

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19
Q

What are osteoblasts

A

Bone forming cells that secrete bone matrix and are responsible for bone growth

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20
Q

What are osteocytes

A

Mature bones cells, maintain matrix

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21
Q

What are osteoclasts

A

Cells that break down (resorb) bone matrix

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22
Q

What are bone-lining cells

A

They’re found on bone surfaces not being remodeled. They look like stem cells, act like osteocytes

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23
Q

What is an osteon of compact bone

A

A structural unit, it’s the cylinder vascular tunnel that contains the lamella, central canal, perforating canal, lacunae, and canaliculi

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24
Q

What is the lamellae

A

Weight bearing column like matrix tubes

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25
Q

What is the central canal

A

Contains the blood vessels and nerves in the osteon

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26
Q

What are the perforating canals

A

They are at right angles to the central canal, and connects blood vessels and nerves of the periosteum and the central canal

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27
Q

What is the lacunae

A

Small cavities that contain osteocytes

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28
Q

What is a canaliculi

A

A hairlike canal that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal. They’re the little things coming off of the lacunae

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29
Q

What is the organic chemical composition of the bone

A

Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoids, and osteoclasts

30
Q

What is the osteoid

A
  • An organic bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts (1/3 of matrix)
  • Ground substance (proteoglycans and glycoproteins)
  • Collagen fibers that provide tensile strength and flexibility and sacrificial bonds (break easily on impact to dissipate energy which prevents force rising to fracture level)
31
Q

What is the inorganic chemical composition of the bone

A
  • Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts)
  • 65% of bone by mass
  • Mainly calcium phosphate crystals
  • Responsible for hardness and resistance to compression
32
Q

What is osteogenesis

A

Ossification, bone tissue formation

33
Q

What are the stages of bone development

A
  1. Bone formation- Begins in 2nd month of development
  2. Postnatal bone growth- Until early adulthood
  3. Bone remodeling and repair- Lifelong
34
Q

What are the two types of ossification

A

Intramembranous ossification and endochonral ossification

35
Q

What does intramembranous ossification do

A

Membrane bone develops from fibrous membrane, forms most flat bones

36
Q

What does endochondral ossification do

A

Cartilage (endochondral) bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage, forms most of the rest of the skeleton

37
Q

What is postnatal bone growth

A

Interstitial bone growth and appositional bone growth

38
Q

Describe growth in length long bones

A

Epiphyseal plate cartilage organizes into four important functional zones:
- Proliferation (growth)
- Hypertrophic
- Calcification
- Ossification (osteogenic)

39
Q

Describe hormonal regulation of bone growth

A
  • Growth hormone stimulates epiphyseal plate activity
  • Thyroid hormone modulates activity of growth hormone
  • Testosterone and estrogens (at puberty) promote adolescent growth spurts and end growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure
40
Q

Describe bone deposit

A
  • Occurs where a bone is injured or added strength is needed
  • Requires a diet rich in: Protein, vitamins c d a, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and manganese
  • Sites of new matrix deposit are revealed by the osteoid seam (unmineralized band of matrix) and calcification front (abrupt transition zone between the osteoid seam and the older mineralized bone)
41
Q

Describe bone resorption

A

Osteoclasts in resorption bays. They seal off the area with border against bone, and then secrete lysosomal enzymes and acids.

42
Q

Describe control of remodeling

A
  • Hormonal mechanisms that maintain calcium homeostasis in the blood
  • Mechanical and gravitational forces
43
Q

What is calcium necessary for in hormonal control of blood

A
  • Transmission of nerve impulses
  • Muscle contraction
  • Blood coagulation
  • Secretion by glands and nerve cells
  • Cell division
44
Q

What is Wolff’s Law

A

A bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed up it

45
Q

What are some observations supporting Wolff’s law

A
  • Handedness results in bone of one upper limb being thicker and stronger
  • Curved bones are thickest where they are most likely to buckle
  • Trabeculae form among lines of stress
  • Large, bony projections occur where heavy, active muscles attach
46
Q

What are the classifications of bone fractures

A
  • Position of ends after fracture
  • Completeness of the break
  • Whether or not the bone ends penetrate the skin
47
Q

What are the two types of fractures under position of bone ends after fracture

A

Nondisplaced and displaced

48
Q

What are the two types of completeness of break fractures?

A

Complete and incomplete

49
Q

What are the two types of bone penetration fractures

A
  • Compound (bone penetrates skin also known as open)
  • Simple (bone ends don’t penetrate, aka closed)
50
Q

What are the 4 stages of healing in a bone fracture

A
  • Hematoma forms
  • Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
  • Bony callus formation
  • Bone remodeling
51
Q

Describe the hematoma forming stage of healing

A

-Torn blood vessels hemorrhage
- Clot (hematoma) forms
- Site becomes swollen, painful, and inflamed

52
Q

Describe the fibrocartilaginous callus forming stage of healing

A
  • Phagocytic cells clear debris
  • Osteoblasts begin forming spongy bone within 1 week
  • Fibroblasts secrete collagen fivers to connect bone ends
  • Mass of repair tissue now called fibrocartilaginous callus
53
Q

Describe the bony callus formation stage of healing

A
  • New trabeculae form a bony (hard) callus
  • Bony callus formation continues until firm union is formed in about 2 months
54
Q

Describe bone remodeling in healing

A
  • In response to mechanical stressors over several months
  • Final structure resembles original
55
Q

What is osteomalacia and rickets

A
  • Rickets (childhood disease) causes bowed leg and other bone deformities
  • Calcium salts not deposited
  • Cause: vitamin D deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium
56
Q

What is osteoporosis

A
  • Loss of bone mass: bone resorption outpaces deposit
  • Spongy bone of spine and neck of femur become most susceptible to fracture
57
Q

What are the risk factors of osteoporosis

A
  • Risk factors are lack of estrogen, calcium or vitamin D; petite body form; immobility; low levels of TSH; diabetes mellitus
58
Q

What is the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis

A
  • Calcium, vitamin D, and fluoride supplements
  • Weight-Bearing exercises throughout life
  • Hormone (estrogen) replacement therapy slows bone loss (but increases cancer risk)
  • Some drugs increase bone mineral density
59
Q

What is Paget’s Disease

A
  • Excessive and haphazard bone growth formation and breakdown, usually in spine, pelvis, femur, or skull
  • High ratio of spongy bone to compact bone with reduced mineralization
  • Unknown cause
  • Treatment includes calcitonin and biphosphonates
60
Q

At birth, most long bones are well _____

A

ossified

61
Q

Nearly all bones completely ossified by age ____

A

25

62
Q

Bone mass decreases with age beginning in ____

A

4th decade

63
Q

Rate of loss in bone determined by _________

A

Genetics and environmental factors

64
Q

In old age, bone resorption predominates because of

A

Homeostatic imbalance

65
Q

What are the four important functional zones of epiphyseal plate cartilage

A

Proliferation (growth), Hypertrophic, calcification, and ossification (osteogenic)

66
Q

Describe hormonal regulation of bone growth

A
  • Growth hormone stimulates epiphyseal plate activity
  • Thyroid hormone modulates activity of growth hormone
  • Testosterone and estrogens (at puberty) promote adolescent growth spurts and end growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure
67
Q

What is bone deposit

A

Where bone is injured or added strength is needed

68
Q

Site of new matrix deposit are revealed by the

A

Osteoid seam and calcification front

69
Q

What is the osteoid seam

A

Unmineralized band of matrix for site of new matrix deposit

70
Q

What is the calcification front

A

Abrupt transition zone between the osteoid seam and the older mineralized bone in site of new matrix deposit

A&P 1 (2 decks)

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