Bones and Skeletal Tissue Flashcards
Hyaline Cartilage
Looks like frosted glass when freshly exposed, provides support with flexibility and resilience. Most abundant skeletal cartilage. Hyaline Cartilage include: articular, costal, respiratory and nasal cartilage.
Skeletal Cartilage
made of some variety of cartilage tissue molded to fit its body location and function.
Elastic Cartilage
resembles hyaline cartilage but they contain more stretchy elastic fibers and are able to stand up to repeated bending. it’s found in only two skeletal locations: the external ear and the epiglottis (the flap that bends to cover the opening of the larynx each time we swallow.
Fibrocartilage
Highly compressible with great tensile strength. found in places that are subjected to both pressure and stretch, such as the knee, and the discs between the vertebrae.
Appositional growth
Growth accomplished by the addition of new layers onto those previously formed.
Interstitial Growth
the lacunae bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within.
Axial Skeleton
forms the long axis of the body and includes the bones of tghe skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
Appendicular Skeleton
consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.
Long Bones
Considerably longer than they are wide. a long bone has a shaft plus tow ends which are often expanded. All limb bones except the patella and the wrist and ankle bones are long bones.
Short Bones
are roughly cubed shaped. the bones of the wrist and ankles are examples. They vary in size and number in different individuals.
Flat Bones
Are thin, flattened and usually a bit curved. The sternum, scapulae, ribs and most skull bones are flat bones
Irregular bones
Have complicated shapes that fit none of the preceding classes. examples include the vertebrae and the hip bones.
Functions of bones
Support, protection, movement, mineral & growth factor storage, blood cell formation (hematopoiesis), triglyceride (fat) storage and Hormone production.
Red Bone Marrow
typically found within the trabecular cavities of spongy bone of long bones and in the dipole of flat bones. in infants the diaphysis and all areas of spongy bone contain red bone marrow. In most adult long bones, the fat containing medullary cavity extends well into the epiphysis and little red marrow is present in the spongy bone cavities. red blood cell production in adult long bones occurs only in the heads of the femur and humerus.
Yellow Bone Marrow
in Aduls the medullary cavity contains fat (yellow marrow).
Articular Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage covering bone ends at moveable joints
Periosteum
double-layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes the bone.
endosteum
connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surfaces.
Compact Bone
smooth and solid
Spongy bone
looks like a honeycomb
Chemical composition of bone: Organic
includes bone cells and osteoids which are unmineralized bone matrix.
Chemical composition of bone: Inorganic components
Mineral Salts
Endochondral Ossification
Embryonic formation of bone by the replacement of calcified cartilage; most skeletal bones are formed by this process.
- a bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model.
- Cartilage is the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities.
- the periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms.
- the diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms.
- the epiphyses ossify
Osteoblasts
are bone-forming cells that secrete the bone matrix. They are actively mitotic. Responsible for BONE GROWTH!!
Osteocytes
Mature bone cell that monitors and maintains the mineralized bone matrix. also act as stress or strain sensors and respond to mechanical stimuli (bone loading, bone deformation, weightlessness)
Osteoclasts
Bone-resorbing Cell.
fracture repair steps
- hematoma forms (Mass of clotted blood)
- Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
- Bony callus forms
- Bone remodeling occurs
Osteoporosis
Decreased density and strength of bone resulting from a gradual decrease in rate of bone formation.
Osteomalacia
Disorder in which bones are inadequately mineralized; soft bones.
Pagets Disease
Disorder characterized by excessive bones breakdown and abnormal bone formation.
The lining of the marrow cavity
endosteum
cells that can dissolve the bony matrix
osteoclasts
small channels that radiate through the matrix of bone
canaliculi
Cells that can build bony matrix
osteoblasts
layers of bone matrix
lamellae
the __________ is where longitudinal bone growth takes place during early childhood.
epiphyseal plate
The phalanges are considered part of the ________ skeleton
appendicular
__________are found in lacunae and serve as to monitor mineralized bone.
osteocyets
the ends of the long bone are called the _________
epiphysis
spongy bone is made up of small, flat pieces of bone called ________
trabeculae
_________ cartilage is found at the end of most bones
hyaline
Osteoblasts secrete an unmineralized bone matrix called _________
osteoids
The principal component of bone that contributes to its hardness is ____
hydroxyapatite
