Bones and skelatal ch: 6

Question 1

What are skeletal cartilages?

Answer 1

Skeletal cartilages are connective tissues that have no blood vessels or nerves and rely on diffusion for nutrients.

Question 2

What surrounds cartilage?

Answer 2

The perichondrium, which is a dense connective tissue.

Question 3

What are the three types of cartilage?

Answer 3

1. Hyaline cartilage - most abundant, found in joints, ribs, and nose.
2. Elastic cartilage - flexible, found in the external ear and epiglottis.
3. Fibrocartilage - strongest, found in intervertebral discs and knee meniscus.

Question 4

How many bones are in the human skeleton?

Answer 4

There are 206 bones in the skeleton.

Question 5

What are the two main divisions of the skeleton?

Answer 5

1. Axial skeleton - includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
2. Appendicular skeleton - includes limbs and girdles (shoulder and pelvis).

Question 6

What are the four types of bone shapes?

Answer 6

1. Long bones - e.g., humerus, femur.
2. Short bones - e.g., carpals, tarsals.
3. Flat bones - e.g., sternum, skull bones.
4. Irregular bones - e.g., vertebrae, pelvis.

Question 7

What is the function of the axial skeleton?

Answer 7

The axial skeleton provides protection for vital organs, supports posture and balance, and serves as the center of the body.

Question 8

What is the function of the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 8

The appendicular skeleton enables movement and interaction with the environment.

Question 9

What are the components of long bone structure?

Answer 9

1. Diaphysis - shaft.
2. Epiphyses - ends of bone.
3. Metaphyses - contains growth plate.
4. Medullary cavity - contains marrow.
5. Periosteum - outer covering.
6. Endosteum - lines medullary cavity.

Question 10

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 10

1. Support - framework for the body.
2. Protection - shields vital organs.
3. Movement - serves as levers for muscles.
4. Mineral homeostasis - storage of calcium and phosphorus.
5. Blood cell production - occurs in red bone marrow.
6. Triglyceride storage - yellow bone marrow stores fat.

Question 11

What are the types of bone cells?

Answer 11

1. Osteogenic cells - stem cells.
2. Osteoblasts - bone-forming cells.
3. Osteocytes - mature bone cells.
4. Osteoclasts - break down bone.

Question 12

What is intramembranous ossification?

Answer 12

Intramembranous ossification is the process that forms flat bones such as the skull and clavicle.

Question 13

What is endochondral ossification?

Answer 13

Endochondral ossification is the process that forms most bones, starting as cartilage.

Question 14

What are the stages of bone healing?

Answer 14

1. Hematoma formation - blood clot forms.
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus - soft tissue bridge.
3. Bony callus - hard bone replaces cartilage.
4. Bone remodeling - reshapes to normal.

Question 15

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 15

Osteoporosis is a condition where bone resorption exceeds deposition, leading to fragile bones.