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Science for Medicine > Bones and Joints - Pre Practical Lecture > Flashcards

Bones and Joints - Pre Practical Lecture Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define epiphysis

A

The end part of a long bone

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2
Q

Define diaphysis

A

The central part of a long bone

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3
Q

Define metaphysis

A

The wide part of a long bone between the epiphysis and the narrow diaphysis. It contains the growth plate.

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4
Q

Define condyle

A

The smooth end of a bone that articulates (in a joint) with the condyle of an adjoining bone.

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5
Q

Deine epicondyle

A

A protuberance above or on the condyle of a long bone, allows for attachment to ligaments and muscles that act on the joint

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6
Q

What is a fossa?

A

A shallow depression

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7
Q

Define process?

A

Any projection or bump

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8
Q

Define Foramen?

A

Arperature

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9
Q

Define sulcus

A

A narrow groove

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10
Q

Define Tuberosity

A

A rough projection slightly bigger than a tubercule

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11
Q

Define tubercule

A

A small projection

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12
Q

Define spine

A

A pointed process

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13
Q

What cells are contained within bone marrow?

A

Adipose cells and Adipocytes

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14
Q

What is a suture?

A

Fibrous joint, Immovable joint, found in the skull, fuses after 20 years

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15
Q

What are gomphmoses?

A

Fibrous joint, Immovable joints, articulate the teeth with their sockets

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16
Q

What are syndemoses?

A

Fibrous joint, Slightly movable joints, held together by interroseous membrane,

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17
Q

What are the four types of bone?

A

Compact, spongy, epiphyseal growth plate (contains hyaline cartilage) Bone marrow

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18
Q

Describe primary cartilaginous (synchondroses) joint

A

Only Hyaline cartilage, immovable and temporary, (between epiphysis and diaphysis)

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19
Q

Describe a secondary cartilaginous (symphyses) joint

A

Contains fibrocartilage and Hyaline cartilage (midline of the body, intervertebral discs), doesn’t ossify with age

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20
Q

Define joint cavity in synovial joint

A

Space between articulating bones lined with synovial membrane

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21
Q

Define joint capsule

A

Surrounds joint cavity

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22
Q

Define synovial membrane

A

Secretes synovial fluid which lubricates and nourishes the joint

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23
Q

Define articular cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of the articulating bones, covered with synovial fluid

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24
Q

Describe the different types of synovial joint (there are 6)

A

Hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball and socket, plane

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25
Q

What is flexion?

A

Decreasing the angle of a joint

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26
Q

What is extension?

A

Increasing the angle of a joint

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27
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

Decreasing the angle of the ankle joint

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28
Q

What is plantarflexion?

A

Increasing the angle of the ankle joint

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29
Q

What is elevation?

A

Moving part of the body in the superior direction

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30
Q

What is depression?

A

Moving part of the body in an inferior direction

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31
Q

What is eversion?

A

Rotating the ankle so that the soul of the foot points away from the other

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32
Q

What is inversion?

A

The opposite of eversion

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33
Q

What is abduction?

A

Moving a limb away from the medial line of the body

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34
Q

What is adduction?

A

The opposite of abduction

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35
Q

What is lateral rotation?

A

Rotating a limb away from the medial line of the body

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36
Q

What is medial rotation

A

The opposite of lateral roatation

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37
Q

What is pronation?

A

Rotating the forearm so that the palm is facing down if the forearm is flexed

38
Q

What is supination?

A

Palm up

39
Q

What is retraction?

A

Posterior movement of the arm at the shoulder

40
Q

What is protraction?

A

The opposite of retraction

41
Q

What is lateral flexion?

A

Bending the spine to the side away from the medial line.

42
Q

What is circumduction?

A

The combination of different movements around a joint

43
Q

What does joint stability depend on?

A

Muscles, tendons, the fibrous capsule, the shape of articulating surfaces of the bones

44
Q

What is the blood and nerve supply in joints like?

A

Rich

45
Q

Why do blood vessels branch and reconnect around a blood vessel?

A

Stops the compression of the blood vessels and the restriction of blood flow

46
Q

What sense are joints heavily influential in?

A

Proprioception

47
Q

What is Hilton’s law?

A

The nerve supplying a muscle that crosses a joint also innervates the joint

48
Q

Define superior?

A

Closer the the head

49
Q

Define inferior?

A

Closer to the feet

50
Q

Define anterior

A

Nearer to the front

51
Q

Define posterior

A

Nearer to the back

52
Q

Define medial

A

Nearer to the medial plane

53
Q

Define lateral

A

Further away from the medial plane

54
Q

Define proxiaml

A

Nearer to the trunk or point of origin

55
Q

Define distal

A

Further away from the trunk or point of origin

56
Q

Define superficial

A

Nearer to, or on the surface

57
Q

Define deep

A

Further away from the surface

58
Q

Define palmar

A

Nearer to or on the the palm of the hand

59
Q

Define plantar

A

Nearer to or on the soul of the foot

60
Q

Define dorsal

A

Nearer to or on the back of the body or structure

61
Q

Define Ventral

A

Nearer to or on the front of the body or structure

62
Q

Define cranial or Rostral

A

Nearer to the head

63
Q

Define caudal

A

Nearer to the feet

64
Q

Define ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body or structure

65
Q

Define contralateral?

A

On the opposite side of the body or structure

66
Q

What are the 5 body regions of the body?

A 
Head and neck
Upper limbs
Lower Limbs
Thorax
Abdominal cavity
67
Q

What are the 5 body cavities of the body?

A

Dorsal body cavity - Cranial and vertebral
Ventral body cavity - Thoracic (diaphragm separates)
Abdominal
Pelvic

68
Q

Which germ layer does nerve tissue arise from ?

A

Ectoderm

69
Q

Which germ layer gives origin to bone, cartilage and skeletal muscle?

A

Mesoderm

70
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to the digestive tract and the lining of blood vessels?

A

Endoderm

71
Q

Other than the epiphyseal growth plate where else is hyaline cartilage found in long bone?

A

Articular cartilage on the articulating surfaces of long bone

72
Q

What tissue is found in the medullary cavity and what is its function?

A

Hematopoetic tissue - responsible for hematopoeisis

73
Q

What does the axial skeleton refer to?

A

Bones situated on the long axis of the body in the anatomical position

The axial skeleton is the part of the skeleton that consists of the bones of the head and trunk of a vertebrate.

74
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton refer to?

A

Bones that are appended to the axial skeleton

75
Q

What are limb girdles?

A

They surround and support proximal ends of the limbs. Provide a point of attachment for the appendicular bones to the axial bones.

76
Q

Which two bones form the upper limb girdle

A

Scapula and the clavicle

77
Q

Which three bones from the lower limb girdle?

A

Pubis, ilium and ischium

78
Q

What is the function of compact bone?

A

Protection of cancellous bone - Structural support

79
Q

What is the function of spongy bone?

A

Shock absorbing
Structural support
Facilitates the movement of joints and limbs

80
Q

What is the function of the marrow cavity?

A

Production of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

81
Q

What is the function of the periosteum?

A

Attachment to tissue

Envelopes the bone except at the surface of joints

82
Q

Where is the metaphysis?

A

Between the epiphysis and the diaphysis

83
Q

Which tissue gives rise to appostitional bone growth?

A

The periosteum

84
Q

Which tissue gives rise to the interstitial growth of a bone?

A

The epiphyseal growth plate

85
Q

Give examples of the 5 types of bone

A 
Long - humerus
Irregular bones - vertebra and mandible
Flat - Skull and ribs
Short - carpal and tarsal
Sesamoid bone - patella
86
Q

What is the function of a condyle?

A

Articulates with other bone in a joint

87
Q

Which structures attach to the epicondyles and tuberosities?

A

Ligaments and tendons

88
Q

Which structure attaches to a spine?

A

Ligaments

89
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

When the embryological connective tissue membrane (mesenchyme) becomes replaced by bone.

Flat bones of the skull face and jaw and centre of clavivel

90
Q

What is endochronal ossification?

A

Hyaline cartilage model becomes replaced by bone.

Forms long bones in the boy

Science for Medicine (42 decks)

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