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HUBS2503 - Learning Objectives (7-12) > Bones and Joints Learning Objectives (L34-35) > Flashcards

Bones and Joints Learning Objectives (L34-35) Flashcards

1
Q

What hormonal conditions causes a decrease in bone mass?

A

Menopause, amenorrhoea, andropause

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2
Q

What nutritional and environmental factors can increase bone mass?

A

– Calcium
– Vitamin D
– Sun exposure

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3
Q

More activity is associated with __________ bone mass

A

Higher

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4
Q

What types of exercise have the greatest effect on peak bone mass?

A

Weight-bearing exercise

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5
Q

During resistance training, why do we observe increases in site-specificity bone mass?

A

Exercise acts by local mechanical stimulation of bone
* Mechanical stress stimulates osteoblasts
* Osteoblasts increase calcium uptake
* Bone rebuilds and becomes denser

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6
Q

If you wanted to increase site-specific bone accrual of the upper torso, how would you do it as safely and as quickly as possible?

A
  • Increase the magnitude of mechanical force
  • Increase the frequency of exposure
  • Aim to increase strength and local muscle mass of upper torso specifically
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7
Q

What is age-related reduction in bone mass called?

A

Osteopenia

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8
Q

What are the %ages of bone loss for males and females over the age of 30?

A

Males lose ~ 0.4% pa after age 30
Females lose ~ 0.8% pa after age 30

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9
Q

Bone mass slowly declines with age. What will determine bone mass in older adults?

A

Bone mass in older age influenced by:
* Peak bone mass achieved
* Age of menopause (in females)

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10
Q

What characterises osteoporosis?

A

– Loss of bone mass (mineral density)
– Deterioration of bone architecture
– Increased bone fragility (fracture risk)

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11
Q

What is the best method of preventing osteoporosis?

A

– Maximise bone mass in childhood & early adulthood
– Maintain bone mass into older age

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12
Q

What are the non-modifiable risk factors of osteoporosis?

A

Genetic, age, sex

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13
Q

What are the modifiable risk factors of osteoporosis?

A

Hormonal status (amenorrhoea synonymous with decreases in oestrogen), smoking, medication use (Corticosteroids), diet/nutrition, PA

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14
Q

What are the PA risk factors for osteoporosis?

A

Sedentary lifestyle & low muscle mass
Prolonged bed-rest

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15
Q

What are the PA protective factors for osteoporosis?

A

An active lifestyle is protective against osteoporosis

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16
Q

What are some good preventative forms of PA against osteoporosis in childhood and adolescence

A

Vigorous weight-bearing exercise in childhood & adolescence
* Jumping on the spot; skipping; netball/basketball

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17
Q

What are some good preventative forms of PA against osteoporosis in adulthood?

A

Regular WB
Specific resistance exercise programs recommended

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18
Q

What are some good preventative forms of PA against osteoporosis women

A

Resistance training. Indicated when young and continued throughout lifespan.

19
Q

Generally, if you have more muscle, you have ______ bone.

A

More

20
Q

What are the incidences of fractures in females and males over 60?

A

2 in 3 women, and 1 in 3 men over the age of 60 will suffer an osteoporotic fracture in their remaining lifetime

21
Q

What is the common concern in female patients with history of fracture(s) and osteoporosis?

A

Secondary thromboembolism

22
Q

What is the nutritional management of osteoporosis?

A

Calcium and Vit D supplements

23
Q

What is the pharmacological management of osteoporosis?

A

– Biphosphonates
– Selective Estrogen Replacement Therapy
– Hormone Replacement Therapy

24
Q

What is the exercise management of osteoporosis?

A

– Maintain muscle leg strength to reduce risk of falls
– Balance exercises to reduce falls risk
– Deconditioning common at diagnosis
(Low intensity program initially)

25
Q

What exercises should be avoided in the management of osteoporosis?

A

Activities that twist, bend or compress the spine

26
Q

During the progression of osteoarthritis, which comes first: damage or inflammation?

A

Damage, then inflammation

27
Q

How is OA classified?

A

Chronic disease involving deterioration of joint cartilage & formation of bone (spurs) at margins of joints

28
Q

Athletes engaging in what types of sports would typically see OA develop sooner?

A

Often presents earlier in athletes from contact sports

29
Q

At what age is OA present in most people?

A

Present in most people by 70 yrs

30
Q

List the S&S of OA

A
  • Pain during joint use is key symptom
  • Deep aching joint pain
    – Worse after weight-bearing or exercise
    – Relieved by rest
  • Joint swelling
  • Limited movement
  • Morning stiffness
  • Joint grating with motion
  • Joint pain varies with weather
31
Q

List the biomechanical factors that may initiate joint degradation in the progression of OA

A
  • Joint trauma
  • Occupational overuse
  • Obesity
  • Mal-alignment of joints
    – E.g., bow-legs or knock-knees
    – Congenital abnormalities
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
32
Q

What is often linked to OA in the upper limbs?

A

Occupation

33
Q

Which joints are very often associated with OA in most people?

A

Weight bearing joints

34
Q

What are the joints that can develop OA?

A

Any synovial joint

35
Q

What is the aim in exercise intervention for OA?

A

Increase strength around joints
– Pain relief
– Maintain or improve joint mobility
– Minimise ADL disability

  • Improve body awareness
    – Joint position sense (proprioception), especially after joint replacement surgery
    – Posture, balance, coordination
36
Q

What improves the prognosis of OA after joint replacement surgery?

A

Prehab and rehab

37
Q

What are the current methods of pain relief from OA

A

NSAIDS
COX-2 inhibitors
Corticosteroids (local injections)
Glucosamine & chondroitin sulphate
Artificial joint fluid injections (e.g., Synvisc)

38
Q

How would you determine the best type of exercise for someone with OA?

A

Whichever is associated with less pain (cycling normally better tolerated)

39
Q

What characterises RA?

A

Autoimmune
Chronic systemic inflammatory disease
Disease onset gradual
Pain, swelling & stiffness
Periods of exacerbation and remission

40
Q

List the S&S of RA

A

– Fatigue
– Stiffness in morning (> 1 hr) or after inactivity
– Diffuse muscle aches
– May have low-grade fever
– Loss of appetite (tissue catabolism)
– Weakness

41
Q

What is the significant markers that are found in the blood that indicates RA?

A

Rheumatoid factor
Elevated ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)
CRP (C-Reactive Protein)

42
Q

A patient is complaining of episodic periods of joint pain. You notice local joint deformities like ulnar deviation. What might they have?

A

RA

43
Q

RA doesn’t just affect joints. List other structures that RA can affect

A

May cause inflammation of lungs, blood vessels, pericardium, eye
May lead to neuropathies
May lead to anemia & stomach bleeds

44
Q

How does RA shorten life expectency?

A

CVD

HUBS2503 - Learning Objectives (7-12) (13 decks)

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