Bones and Joints

Question 1

Neurocranium: Parts, bones and function

Answer 1

• Calvaria
• Cranial base
• 8 bones: frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital, temporal (2) and parietal (2)
• Protect the brain

Question 2

Frontal bone: Structure

Answer 2

• Squamous - frontal sinuses, supra-orbital margin, glabella, zygomatic processes
• Orbital
• Nasal

Articulates with:
Parietal (coronal suture), sphenoid, zygomatic, nasal, maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid

Question 3

Nasion

Answer 3

Articulation between frontal and nasal bones

Question 4

Supra-orbital margin

Answer 4

Angular boundary between squamous and orbital parts

- Supra-orbital notch/foramen

Question 5

Glabella

Answer 5

Smooth area between the superciliary arch

Question 6

Parietal bone: Structure

Answer 6

Internal surface grooves

• MMA
• Sigmoid/superior sagittal sinus

Superior and inferior temporal lines: temporal fascia and muscle attach

Parietal foramen: emissary veins

Articulates with:

• Parietal: sagittal suture
• Frontal: coronal suture
• Occipital: lambdoid suture
• Temporal
• Sphenoid

Question 7

Sagittal suture

Answer 7

Fibrous suture between the parietal bones

Question 8

Coronal suture

Answer 8

Fibrous suture between the frontal and parietal bones

Question 9

Bregma

Answer 9

Point of intersection between sagittal and coronal sutures

Question 10

Lambdoid suture

Answer 10

Fibrous suture between the parietal and occipital bones

Question 11

Lambda

Answer 11

Point of intersection between lambdoid and sagittal sutures

Question 12

Parietal eminences

Answer 12

Parietal bone broadens posterolaterally

Question 13

Vertex

Answer 13

Superiormost point of the cranium

Question 14

Occipital/occiput bone: Structure

Answer 14

Outer surface

• External occipital protuberance
• Highest, superior and inferior nuchal line
• Occipital condyles

Inner surface

• Internal occipital protuberance
• Cerebellar fossa

Foramina

• Foramen magnum
• Jugular foramen
• Hypoglossal canal

Articulations

• Parietal
• Temporal (mastoid and petrous)

Question 15

Occipitoatlantal joint

Answer 15

• Between occipital condyle and atlas (C1)

- Synovial joint

Question 16

Temporal bone: Structure

Answer 16

Squamous part

• Zygomatic process
• Mandibular fossa

Mastoid part

• Mastoid process
• Mastoid cells

Petrous part
- Contains acoustic labyrinth

Tympanic part

• Styloid process
• Stylomastoid foramen

Articulations:

• Occipital
• Parietal
• Greater wing of sphenoid
• Zygoma
• Mandible

Question 17

Temporalis muscle attachment

Answer 17

• Coronoid process of mandible

- Squamous part of temporal bone

Question 18

Masseter muscle attachment

Answer 18

• Mandibular ramus

- Zygomatic process

Question 19

Viscerocranium: Parts, bones and function

Answer 19

• Develop in mesenchyme of embryonic pharyngeal arches
• Irregular bones that give attachment to muscles of the tongue, mastication and pharynx. Teeth.
• 15 bones: mandible, ethmoid, vomer, maxilla (2), inferior nasal choncha (2), zygomatic (2), palatine (2), nasal (2) and lacrimal (2)

Question 20

Zygomatic/zygoma: Structure

Answer 20

• Zygomatic arch (temporal process)

Articulations:

• Frontal
• Temporal
• Maxillary

Question 21

Maxillae: Structure

Answer 21

• Alveolar processes (for maxillary teeth)
• Infra-orbital foramen (infra-orbital vessels, nerve (V2 branch))

Articulations:

• Frontal
• Sphenoid
• Lacrimal
• Ethmoid
• Nasal
• Inferior nasal choncha
• Vomer
• Zygoma
• Palatine