Bones and Joints

Question 1

superior

Answer 1

nearer to head

Question 2

inferior

Answer 2

nearer to feet

Question 3

anterior

Answer 3

nearer to front

Question 4

posterior

Answer 4

nearer to back

Question 5

Medial

Answer 5

nearer to midsagittal plane

Question 6

proximal

Answer 6

nearer to trunk

Question 7

distal

Answer 7

further away from the trunk

Question 8

lateral

Answer 8

further away from the midsagittal plane

Question 9

superficial

Answer 9

nearer to surface

Question 10

deep

Answer 10

further from skin

Question 11

palmar

Answer 11

closer to the palm of the hand

Question 12

plantar

Answer 12

nearer to the sole of the foot

Question 13

dorsal

Answer 13

nearer to posterior of body

Question 14

ventral

Answer 14

nearer to anterior of body

Question 15

cranial

Answer 15

nearer to head

Question 16

rostral

Answer 16

nearer to head

Question 17

caudal

Answer 17

nearer to feet

Question 18

ipsilateral

Answer 18

same side of the body/structure

Question 19

contralateral

Answer 19

different side of body/ structure

Question 20

leg

Answer 20

lower limb, below the knee

Question 21

thigh

Answer 21

lower limb, above the knee

Question 22

cavities of the body

Answer 22

• cranial
• thoracic
• abdominal
• pelvic
• spinal

Question 23

mastoid process of the skull

Answer 23

bony prominence behind the ear

Question 24

sternal angle

Answer 24

strenomanubrial joint

Question 25

xiphoid process

Answer 25

inferior part of sternum

Question 26

medial and lateral humeral epicondyles

Answer 26

bony prominences immediately above the elbow joint

Question 27

olecranon process

Answer 27

elbow

Question 28

iliac crest

Answer 28

highest point of the hip bone

Question 29

anterior superior iliac spine

Answer 29

sharp prominence at anterior end of iliac crest

Question 30

pubic symphysis

Answer 30

joint between two hip bones anteriorly

Question 31

greater trochanter of femur

Answer 31

large bony protuberance at proximal end

Question 32

patella

Answer 32

knee cap

Question 33

anterior border of tibia

Answer 33

shin

Question 34

medial and lateral malleolus

Answer 34

bony prominence on each side of the ankle

Question 35

gastrulation

Answer 35

process during embryonic development in which a single layered blastula is reorganised into a trilaminar (three layered) structure known as a gastrula.

Question 36

ectoderm

Answer 36

gives rise to nervous tissue, epidermis and smooth muscle.

Question 37

endoderm

Answer 37

gives rise to the GI tract and the respiratory respiratory.

Question 38

mesoderm

Answer 38

gives rise to the dermis, bone, cartilage and skeletal muscle and smooth muscle

Question 39

hyaline cartilage appearance under microscope

Answer 39

few cells amongst lots of matrix. Cells (chondrocytes) in lacunae.

Question 40

spongy bone appearance under microscope

Answer 40

matrix of bone with marrow in between, adipocytes in marrow.

Question 41

compact bone appearance under microscope

Answer 41

osteons present, these contain osteocytes in a ring structure around a haversian canal.

Question 42

appositional growth

Answer 42

increase in width of a bone carried out by the periosteum

Question 43

interstitial growth

Answer 43

increase in the length of a bone carried out by the epiphyseal growth plate

Question 44

5 types of bone

Answer 44

1. flat eg. scapula
2. long eg. femur
3. short eg. carpals and tarsals
4. irregular eg. vertabrae
5. sesamoid eg. patella

Question 45

sesamoid bone function

Answer 45

protect tendon from wear

Question 46

condyle

Answer 46

smooth prominence

Question 47

epicondyle

Answer 47

process above conyles where ligaments and endons attach

Question 48

tuberosity/tubercle

Answer 48

rough prominence, site of attachment for ligaments

Question 49

fossa

Answer 49

shallow depression

Question 50

foramen

Answer 50

hole in bone through which nerves and blood vessels

Question 51

spine

Answer 51

sharp projection, site of tendon attachment

Question 52

intramembanous ossification

Answer 52

bone formation whereby the initial foetal membrane is replaced by bone

Question 53

endochondral ossification

Answer 53

hyaline cartilage model is replaced by bone

Question 54

examples of bones formed by intramembranous ossification

Answer 54

flat bones of the skull, jaw, face, centre of the clavicle, sternum

Question 55

examples of bones formed by endochondral

ossification

Answer 55

long bones, ribs, vertebrae

Question 56

symphysis

Answer 56

secondary cartilaginous joint, bone- hyaline cartilage-fibrous cartilage- hyaline cartilage- bone.

Question 57

synchondrosis

Answer 57

primary cartilaginous joint, eg. costochondral joint and epiphyseal growth plate

Question 58

fibrous joint

Answer 58

joint connected by dense connective tissue, mainly collagen. eg. sutures, gomphoses and syndesmoses

Question 59

synovial joint characteristics

Answer 59

1. an outer fibrous capsule
2. an inner synovial membrane
3. an internal joint space filled with synovial fluid
4. supporting ligaments located around the joint

Question 60

anatomical variation

Answer 60

difference in anatomical structures that is not regarded as a disease

Question 61

anatomical anomaly

Answer 61

structural abnormality or marked deviation from the normal standard i.e. anything that is structurally unusual, irregular or contrary to a general rule.