Bones and Joints Flashcards
superior
nearer to head
inferior
nearer to feet
anterior
nearer to front
posterior
nearer to back
Medial
nearer to midsagittal plane
proximal
nearer to trunk
distal
further away from the trunk
lateral
further away from the midsagittal plane
superficial
nearer to surface
deep
further from skin
palmar
closer to the palm of the hand
plantar
nearer to the sole of the foot
dorsal
nearer to posterior of body
ventral
nearer to anterior of body
cranial
nearer to head
rostral
nearer to head
caudal
nearer to feet
ipsilateral
same side of the body/structure
contralateral
different side of body/ structure
leg
lower limb, below the knee
thigh
lower limb, above the knee
cavities of the body
- cranial
- thoracic
- abdominal
- pelvic
- spinal
mastoid process of the skull
bony prominence behind the ear
sternal angle
strenomanubrial joint
xiphoid process
inferior part of sternum
medial and lateral humeral epicondyles
bony prominences immediately above the elbow joint
olecranon process
elbow
iliac crest
highest point of the hip bone
anterior superior iliac spine
sharp prominence at anterior end of iliac crest
pubic symphysis
joint between two hip bones anteriorly
greater trochanter of femur
large bony protuberance at proximal end
patella
knee cap
anterior border of tibia
shin
medial and lateral malleolus
bony prominence on each side of the ankle
gastrulation
process during embryonic development in which a single layered blastula is reorganised into a trilaminar (three layered) structure known as a gastrula.
ectoderm
gives rise to nervous tissue, epidermis and smooth muscle.
endoderm
gives rise to the GI tract and the respiratory respiratory.
mesoderm
gives rise to the dermis, bone, cartilage and skeletal muscle and smooth muscle
hyaline cartilage appearance under microscope
few cells amongst lots of matrix. Cells (chondrocytes) in lacunae.
spongy bone appearance under microscope
matrix of bone with marrow in between, adipocytes in marrow.
compact bone appearance under microscope
osteons present, these contain osteocytes in a ring structure around a haversian canal.
appositional growth
increase in width of a bone carried out by the periosteum
interstitial growth
increase in the length of a bone carried out by the epiphyseal growth plate
5 types of bone
- flat eg. scapula
- long eg. femur
- short eg. carpals and tarsals
- irregular eg. vertabrae
- sesamoid eg. patella
sesamoid bone function
protect tendon from wear
condyle
smooth prominence
epicondyle
process above conyles where ligaments and endons attach
tuberosity/tubercle
rough prominence, site of attachment for ligaments
fossa
shallow depression
foramen
hole in bone through which nerves and blood vessels
spine
sharp projection, site of tendon attachment
intramembanous ossification
bone formation whereby the initial foetal membrane is replaced by bone
endochondral ossification
hyaline cartilage model is replaced by bone
examples of bones formed by intramembranous ossification
flat bones of the skull, jaw, face, centre of the clavicle, sternum
examples of bones formed by endochondral
ossification
long bones, ribs, vertebrae
symphysis
secondary cartilaginous joint, bone- hyaline cartilage-fibrous cartilage- hyaline cartilage- bone.
synchondrosis
primary cartilaginous joint, eg. costochondral joint and epiphyseal growth plate
fibrous joint
joint connected by dense connective tissue, mainly collagen. eg. sutures, gomphoses and syndesmoses
synovial joint characteristics
- an outer fibrous capsule
- an inner synovial membrane
- an internal joint space filled with synovial fluid
- supporting ligaments located around the joint
anatomical variation
difference in anatomical structures that is not regarded as a disease
anatomical anomaly
structural abnormality or marked deviation from the normal standard i.e. anything that is structurally unusual, irregular or contrary to a general rule.
