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Science for medicine anatomy > Back, lymphatics and nerves > Flashcards

Back, lymphatics and nerves Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

where is the spinous process of a vertebra?

A

it is the most posterior structure. It is a process that extends posteriorly and in the thoracic regions also inferiorly

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2
Q

what is the lamina of a vertebra?

A

the region between the spinous process and the transverse process

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3
Q

what are the transverse processes of a vertebra

A

the structures located on the lateral sides of the vertebral arch

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4
Q

what are the pedicles of a vertebra?

A

regions connecting the body and transverse processes

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5
Q

what is the vertebral foramen of a vertebra?

A

the channel in the centre of the vertebral arch

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6
Q

what are the articular facets of a vertebra?

A

flat surfaces on the vertebral arch that form articular fate joints between vertebrae

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7
Q

what is a intervertebral foramen?

A

the hole between the vertebral arches of adjacent vertebrae which spinal nerve roots pass through

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8
Q

how many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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9
Q

how many thoracic

vertebrae are there?

A

12

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10
Q

how many lumbar vertebra are there?

A

5

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11
Q

how many sacral vertebra are there?

A

5

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12
Q

what is the name of C1?

A

atlas

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13
Q

what is the name of C2?

A

axis

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14
Q

what is the process on C1 that connects C1 and C2 together?

A

dens

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15
Q

what is the name of C7?

A

vertebra prominens

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16
Q

what are the identifiable featurs of a cervical vertebra?

A
  • contain foramen transversium in the transverse processes
  • small body
  • facets are on the transverse plane
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17
Q

what are the identifiable features of a thoraccic vertebra?

A
  • heart-shaped body
  • articular facets on body and transverse process for rib attachment
  • long spinous processes which point inferiorly
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18
Q

what are the identifiable features of a lumbar vertebra?

A
  • large round body

- large rounded spinous process

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19
Q

what type of joint is found between vertebral bodies?

A

intervertebral disc- symphysis

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20
Q

what type of joint are articular facets?

A

synovial plane

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21
Q

what is the outer part of the intervertebral disc called?

A

anulus fibrosis

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22
Q

what is the inner part of the intervertebral disc called?

A

nucleus pulposis

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23
Q

what is a herniated “slipped” disc?

A

when damage to the anulus fibrosis causes the nucleus pulposis to protrudes posteriolaterally through and put pressure on the spinal nerve root

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24
Q

where is the supraspinous ligament found?

A

posterior of vertebrae, connecting all the spinous processed posteriorly

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25
Q

where is the ligamentum flavum found?

A

connecting the laminae of adjacent vertebrae

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26
Q

where is the interspinous ligament located?

A

connecting the superior and inferior parts of adjacent spinous processes

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27
Q

where is the anterior longitudinal ligament located?

A

connecting the anterior of the bodies

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28
Q

where is the posterior longitudinal ligament located?

A

the posterior of the bodies

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29
Q

what are the two kyphoses of the spine?

A

thoracic kyphosis

sacral kyphosis

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30
Q

whar are the two lordoses of the spine?

A

cervical lordosis

lumbar lordosis

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31
Q

how is the cervical lordosis formed?

A

in infancy when a baby begins to lift its head up

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32
Q

how is the lumbar lordosis formed?

A

when a child begins to walk

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33
Q

what is scoliosis?

A

when the spine bends abnormally laterally

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34
Q

In what plane are the facets of cervical vertebrae positioned and what movement does this allow?

A

on the transverse plane. allows movement in the transverse plane (rotation)

35
Q

In what plane are the facets of thoracic vertebrae positioned and what movement does this allow?

A

on the coronal plane, this allows movement in the coronal plane (lateral flexion) however this movement is very restricted

36
Q

In what plane are the facets of lumbar vertebrae positioned and what movement does this allow?

A

on the sagittal plane, this allows movement in the sagittal plane (flexion and extension)

37
Q

which movements are permitted in the cervical region?

A

rotation, flexion, extension, lateral flexion and extension

38
Q

which movements are permitted in the thoracic region?

A

very restricted movement but a little lateral flexion

39
Q

which movements are permitted in the lumbar region?

A

flexion, extension, rotation, lateral flexion

40
Q

where are the erector spinae muscles situated?

A

posteriorly between the spinous processes and the transverse processes

41
Q

which other muscles apart from erector spinae act on the vertebral colomn?

A

sternoceidomastoid and the anterior muscles of the abdominal walls (obliques, rectus abdominis, transverse abdominis)

42
Q

at what vertebral level is the spine of the scapula?

A

T3

43
Q

At what vertebral level is the inferior angle of the scapula?

A

T7

44
Q

at what vertebral level is the summit of the iliac crest?

A

L4

45
Q

at what vertebral level is the sternal angle?

A

T4

46
Q

at what vertebral level is the xiphistrenal joint?

A

T9

47
Q

between which vertebrae is a lumbar puncture performed on an adult?

A

between L3 and L4

48
Q

between which vertebrae is a lumbar puncture performed on a child?

A

between L4 and L5

49
Q

at what spinal level does the spinal cord end in an adult ?

A

L1

50
Q

at what spinal level does the spinal cord end in an child?

A

L3

51
Q

which organs and tissues are not lymphatically drained?

A

cartilage, eyes, inner ears, brain and spinal cord

52
Q

describe the structure of a lymph node?

A

outer portion is called the cortex, it contains B-lymphocytes. In the cortex there are follicles that contain germinal centres these are the site of B cell proliferation and also house B cells.
moving further in we come to the paracortex this is were the T lymphocytes are found
In the centre is the medulla, this is the site of macrophages.

53
Q

what is a sentinal node?

A

the first lymph node the lymph passes through after leaving a structure. In cancer the sentinal node is the first node that a cancer spreads

54
Q

where is the thoracic duct found?

A

between the azygos vein and the aorta on the right side of the posterior thoracic wall.

55
Q

where does the thoracic duct cross the vertebral column from the right to the left side?

A

at T4

56
Q

which duct drain the right upper quadrant of the body?

A

right lymphatic duct

57
Q

which duct drains the upper left quadrant and the two lower quadrants?

A

the thoracic duct

58
Q

what is the structure called where the thoracic duct begins and what is the spinal level of this structure?

A

cisterna chyli

L1

59
Q

which vein does the thoracic duct drain into?

A

the left subclavian vein

60
Q

where does the spinal cord begin and end in adults?

A

begins at the occipital bone and extends down to the gap between L1 and L2

61
Q

what is the structure called at the distal end of the spinal cord?

A

conus medullaris

62
Q

what connects the spinal cord to the coccyx?

A

a fibrous extension called the filum terminale

63
Q

why are there enlargments of the spinal cord between C5-T1 and L1-S4?

A

these are the areas whose spinal roots form the nerve plexises so they contain more grey matter

64
Q

what is the cauda equina

A

the nerves of L2 to the coccyx that extend from the conus medullaris

65
Q

what type of nerve impulses are associated with the lateral horn of the spinal cord?

A

autonomic

66
Q

name the three layers of the meninges?

A

dura mater, archnoid mater and pia mater

67
Q

what is the primary function of the meninges?

A

cushion and protect the central nervous system

68
Q

to which spinal level does the dura mater extend?

A

S3

69
Q

to which spinal level does the arachnoid mater extend?

A

S2

70
Q

where is the CSF located?

A

the subarachnoid space

71
Q

between which structures is the spinal epidural space found?

A

between the spinal dura and the periosteum covering the vertebral bodies

72
Q

what structure of blood vessels drains the vertebrae and the spinal cord?

A

the vertebral venous plexus found in the fatty tissue within the epidural space

73
Q

from which vertebral levels do sympathetic nerve fibres emerge?

A

T1-L2

74
Q

what is the white ramus communicans?

A

it is the nerve carrying myelinated preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres from the spinal cord to the paravertebral (sympathetic) chain

75
Q

what is the grey ramus communicans?

A

it is the nerve carrying unmyelinated postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres from the paravertebral (sympathetic) chain to the mixed spinal nerve carrying signals to the effector

76
Q

what is a splanchnic nerve?

A

a nerve that innervates a organs of the abdomen with autonomic fibres, if the nerve is thoracic the fibres are sympathetic, if it is pelvic it is parasympathetic.

77
Q

between which spinal levels do thoracic splanchnic nerves originate?

A

T6-T12

78
Q

where do planchnic nerves synapse?

A

they run straight through the paravertebral chain and synapse in pre-aortic ganglia

79
Q

which spinal cord segments give rise to parasympathetic nerves?

A

some cranial nerves and S2-S4

80
Q

what kind of autonomic nerves are found in the splanchnic nerves from T6-T12?

A

sympathetic

81
Q

where do the splanchnic parasympathetic nerves originate?

A

S2-S4

82
Q

what are the large autonomic nerve plexuses?

A

cardiac, pulmonary, coeliac, superior hypogastric and inferiorhypogastric(pelvic)

83
Q

what is a large autonomic nerve plexus?

A

a nerve plexus of sympathetic and or parasympathetic axons often containing ganglia, its function is to distribute both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres to an organ

Science for medicine anatomy (3 decks)

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