Bones And Joints Flashcards
What are the 7 classifications of bones?
Sutures Bones
Pneumatized bones
Flat Bones
Irregular Bones
Short Bones
Long Bones
Sesamoid Bones
Where do the Axial and Appendicular Skeleton attach to each other?
The Pectoral girdle and pelvic Girdle
What does a “Process” mean in bone markings?
Any projection or bump on the bone
What is a “Ramus” on the bone?
An extension of a bone making an angle to the rest of the structure
What is a Sinus or Antrum in a bone?
Sinus or antrum’s are chambers within a bone which are normally filled with air
What is a Meatus or Canal in a bone?
A passageway through the substance of a bone
What is a Fissure in a bone?
An elongated cleft
(A cleft is a gap or split on the structure of a body)
What is a “Foramen” in a bone?
A rounded passageway for blood vessels and/or nerves
What do joints do and how are they held together?
Joints help permit movement and are connections between the bones, they are usually held together through cartilage, fluid or dense connective tissue
What is Synarthroses?
Synarthroses are Immovable joints
What are the three types of Synarthrosis joints
Fibrous, Cartilaginous and “Bony Fusion”
What is a “Fibrous” Joint?
Fibrous joints are joints that have dense fibrous tissue that bind the bones and anatomical structure together
(Ex: Sutures in the skull and Gomphosis in the teeth)
Give an example of a cartilaginous and bony fusion joint.
Synchondrosis, is a joint in which hyaline cartilage is used to connect the structures together (cartilaginous)
Synostosis is an example of bony fusion as it is when two bones fuse together to form a single bone
(Bony Fusion)
Define Amphiarthrotic joints
Joints that are “In-Between”, and allow slight movement in the joint
What is Syndesmosis?
Syndesmosis is when bones are connected by long connective tissue ligaments
(Syndesmosis is also an example of an amphoarthrotic joint)
What is Symphysis?
Symphysis is where bones are connected through cartilage.
(Symphysis is also an example of an amphiarthrotic joint)
Define Diarthrotic joints
Diarthrotic joints are joints that allow free movement.
Where are synovial joints found and what are the 6 characteristics of them?
Synovial joints are found at the end of long bones in the upper & lower limbs.
The six characteristics are
1. A joint capsule
2. Articulate cartilages
3. A joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
4. A Synovial membrane lining the joint capsule
5. Accessory structures
6. Sensory nerves and blood vessels
Define “Bursae” in a synovial joint
Bursae are sacs of synovial fluid which cushion the joint.
They are usually found between muscles or where tendon crosses bone
Define what the “Tendon Sheath” does in a synovial joint
Tendon Sheaths are Modified bursae which surround and lubricate tendons
(Tendon Sheaths are sort of long rods that surround tendons)
What are the three functions of synovial fluids?
- It lubricates the surfaces of the articular cartilages near the end of bones (reduces friction)
- Acts as a shock absorber
- Nourishes chondrcytes by entering and exiting articular cartilages due to forces acting on the joint.
What are the 6 types of anatomical joints?
- Plane joints
- Hinge Joints
- Pivot Joints
- Condylar joints
- Saddle Joints
- Ball and Socket joints
Define Flexion and Extension
Flexion is decreasing the angle from the joint, while extension increases the angle
Describe the “Plane” Joints movement and is it Non-axial, uniaxial, biaxial, or triaxial
The plane joint allows movement from side-to-side and back-and-forth movements, while also being a non-axial joint
Describe the “hinge” Joints movement and is it Non-axial, uniaxial, biaxial, or triaxial
Hinge joints allow movement along one plane of the body and is a uniaxial joint. However, it only enables uniaxial flexion and extension
Describe the “Pivot” Joints movement and is it Non-axial, uniaxial, biaxial, or triaxial
Pivot joints allow the rotation along one axis about the central axis of the body. It is also a uniaxial joint however as stated before, for rotational movements.
Describe the “Condyloid” Joints movement and is it Non-axial, uniaxial, biaxial, or triaxial
Condyloid joints allow movement along two planes of the body. Allowing flexion/extension and abduction/abduction. Condyloid are also biaxial joints
Describe the “Saddle” Joints movement and is it Non-axial, uniaxial, biaxial, or triaxial
Saddle joints are a modified Condyloid joint, and also allows biaxial movement. However, saddle joints allow circumduction and has more range of motion that a Condyloid joint
Describe the “Ball & Socket” Joint movement and is it Non-axial, uniaxial, biaxial, or triaxial
Ball and socket joints are a triaxial joint that provides movement in three planes. It provides the most range of motion among all the joints.
Define Plantar flexion
Plantar flexion is when the angle between the sole of the foot and back of the leg decreases. (Planting your toe into the ground)
Define Dorsiflexion
Dorsiflexion is the “Going up” of the foot decreasing the angle of the “Dorsum” and the shin
Define “Circumduction”
Circumduction is the “Making of a cone” or circle that combines multiple movements along multiple planes. However, for it to be circumduction there only needs to be movement in 2 planes. (Allowed by biaxial and triaxial joints)
What is Protraction and Retraction?
Protraction is the pushing forward of a body part away from the body, while retraction is backwards movement of a body part
Does inversion and eversion only refer to the ankle joint?
Yes, inversion and eversion are specific to the ankle join, and describe the way the sole of the foot turns relative to the midline of the body. (Eversion turning away from midline, inversion sole towards midline)
What are the primary purposes of skeletal muscles?
- Produce skeletal movement
- Maintain posture and body position
- Support soft tissues
- Regulate entering and exiting of Material
- Maintain body temperature
What are the “Origin” and “Insertion” of muscles and what do they describe?
They describe the points where the muscle attaches on bones. However, the origin is a fixed attachment point and remains stationary while insertion is the attachment point that moves the muscle during contractions
Describe “Agonist”, “Synergists” and “Antagonists” in relation to muscles
Agonists are the main muscle used in a movement
Synergists assist the agonist in the movement action
Anatgonists are muscles oppose the action of movement
Name the 4 types of skeletal muscle fibres along with their respective subsections
- Parallel muscles, can be split into “Parralel muscle”, “Parallel muscle with tendinous bands” and “Wrapping Muscle”
- Convergent muscles
- Pennate muscles, can be split into “Unipennate muscle”, “Bipennate muscle”, and “Multipennate muscle”
- Circular muscles
