Bones And Joints

Question 1

Anterior palpable structures

Answer 1

Iliac crest
Asis 
Inguinal ligament
Pubic tubercle
Pubic symphysis

Question 2

Posterior palpable structures

Answer 2

Psis 
Sacrum
Sacral spinous processes
Coccyx 
Ischial tuberosity

Question 3

Proximal femur (anterior)

Answer 3

Femoral head
Femoral neck
Greater trochanter
Intertrochanteric line
Lesser trochanter

Question 4

Femur (posterior)

Answer 4

Pectineal line
Gluteal tuberosity
Intertrochanteric crest
Linea aspera

Question 5

Femoral neck inclination

Answer 5

125 degrees
>130 = coxa valga
<120= coxa vara

Question 6

Femoral torsion

Answer 6

12-15 degrees
<= retroversion
>=anteversion

Question 7

Femoral head blood supply

Answer 7

Ligamentum teres
Medial and lateral circumflex arteries
Nutrient arteries within femoral shaft

Question 8

Hip joint

Answer 8

Synovial polyaxial ball and socket joint
3 degrees of freedom
Flex/ext
Abd/add
Med/lat rotation
Circumduction

Question 9

Acetabulum

Answer 9

Lunate surface of hyaline cartilage-horseshoe shaped
•Thickest above and centrally, for weight bearing
•Non articular region of acetabular fossa and notch is covered with fat

Question 10

Acetabular labrum

Answer 10

Fibro cartilaginous rim

Triangular in cross section

Question 11

Head of femur

Answer 11

• Spheroid in shape, covered in hyaline cartilage
• Thicker centrally than at the periphery
• Cartilage is deficient over the fovea

Question 12

Ligaments of hip joint

Answer 12

• Iliofemoral ligament (anterior)
• Pubofemoral ligament (anterior)
• Ischiofemoral ligament (posterior)
• Ligamentum Teres (internal)

Question 13

Iliofemoral ligament

Answer 13

•Formed by two bands (superior and Inferior)
•Apex
–from the AIIS
•Base
–To the intertrochanteric line
•Superior band limits
–Extension
–Adduction
•Inferior band limits
–Extension
–Abduction

Question 14

Pubofemoral ligament

Answer 14

•Base
–from the pubic eminence
•Apex
–to the capsule and
   the medial band of the
   iliofemoral ligament and intertrochanteric line
•Limits
–Extension
–Abduction

Question 15

Ischiofemoral ligament

Answer 15

•From
–the inferior aspect of
   the ischium
•To
–the capsule and the  
   anterior part of the
   greater trochanter deep
    to the iliofemoral ligament
•Limits
–Extension
–Medial Rotation

Question 16

Ligamentum teres

Answer 16

•Apex
–from a pit (Fovea) in the head of the femur
•Base
–to the acetabular notch
–and transverse acetabular ligament

Question 17

Inguinal ligament

Answer 17

Connects the ASIS to pubic tubercle

Question 18

Hip joint stability

Answer 18

• Strong surrounding ligaments
• Cup shaped acetabulum
• Deepened by the acetabular labrum
• Strong capsule
• Vacuum effect of ball within socket
• Oblique angle of femoral neck
• Arrangement of powerful surrounding muscles

Question 19

Limitation to range of motion

Answer 19

• Tension of antagonists
• Soft tissue apposition
• Tension of ligaments limits range
• Relative congruency of the articular surfaces

Question 20

Hip range of motion

Answer 20

• Flexion 100-120 degrees
• Extension 15-20 degrees
• Abduction 40-45 degrees
• Adduction 15-30 degrees
• Lateral rotation 45-60 degrees
• Medial rotation 30-40 degrees

Question 21

Close packed position

Answer 21

–Maximum extension,
–medial rotation and
–Abduction

Question 22

Open packed position

Answer 22

–Slight flexion,
–abduction and
–lateral rotation

Question 23

Sacro iliac joint

Answer 23

Classification
–Synovial, plane joint

•Ridged articular surfaces

•Joint motion
–Nutation and counter-nutation

Question 24

Nutation

Answer 24

• The sacrum moves forward into the pelvis

* This is the closed packed position of the SIJ

Question 25

Counter nutation

Answer 25

The sacrum moves backwards

Question 26

SIJ ligaments

Answer 26

•Capsule –Attached to the margins of the articular surfaces of sacrum and ilium –Lined with synovial membrane

Question 27

Interosseous sacro iliac ligament

Answer 27

•Massive ligament forming the bond between ilium and sacrum (Syndesmosis) •From: –Posterior aspect of the auricular surface on the ilium •To: –posterior aspect of the auricular surface on the sacrum

Question 28

Ventral sacro iliac ligament

Answer 28

``` •From –Lateral sacrum •To –the medial aspect of the ilium •Thickening of the capsule •Provides anterior stability ```

Question 29

Sacrotuberous ligament

Answer 29

``` From: –PSIS, –Sacral tubercles –Lateral margins of Sacrum and Coccyx • To: –Ischial tuberosity –Ischial ramus •Limits: –Nutation of the sacrum –Posterior rotation of the ilium ```

Question 30

Sacrospinous ligament

Answer 30

``` Apex from: –the spine of the ischium •To: –The lateral margin of the sacrum and coccyx •Limits: –Nutation of the sacrum –Posterior rotation of the ilium ```

Question 31

Ilio lumbar ligament

Answer 31

``` Upper band •From: –Transverse processes of L5 •To: –Posterior aspect of the iliac crest Lower band •From: –Transverse processes of L5 •To: –anterior sacrum and ventral sacro-iliac ligament ```

Question 32

Symphysis pubis

Answer 32

``` Classification –Secondary Cartilaginous joint •Interpubic Disc •Superior Pubic Ligament •Inferior Arcuate Ligament •Minimal recorded movement ```