Bones

Question 1

How do the cervical vertebrae move? Demonstrate each movement

Answer 1

Flexion Extension Lateral flexion Rotation

Question 2

What are the movements of the lumbar vertebrae?

Answer 2

Flexion Extension Lateral flexion Very limited rotation

Question 3

How many bones are there in the body?

Answer 3

206

Question 4

What are the three main functions of the spinal column?

Answer 4

To support the body in its upright position. To protect the spinal cord Permit movement

Question 5

What are the typical, physical, characteristics of vertebra?

Answer 5

A large mass of weight-bearing bone. A circular opening (neural canal) Projections to side and rear

Question 6

There are 12 sets of ribs, broken down into three distinct sections. name the sections, how many ribs in each section and any particular characteristics to note?

Answer 6

Cervical vertebrae

There are 7 of these, the first one [C1] is called the atlas….like atlas the man who balanced the wold on their shoulder, this one balances the head on the spine. C2 is called the axis…..it rotates the head…well, the whole of the cervial vertebrae do….. I don’t know why it’s called the axis.

Thoracic vertebrae

• 1-7 are the true ribs, so called because they are attached to the sternum
• 8, 9, 10 are called the false ribs, as they are attached to a massive bit of gristle or cartilage or something, and then they all join onto the 7th rib
• 11 & 12 are the floating ribs, I didn’t even realise we had these! They are only attached to the spine

Lumbar vertebrae

L1-L5 - y’know, because there are 5 of them, the spinal cord comes out of the vertebrae between T12 and L1.

Question 7

What can the Thoracic vertebrae do?

Answer 7

Rotation Very limited flexion, extension and lateral flexion because they’re attached to the ribs.

Question 8

What are the long-term effects of weight-bearing exercise?

Answer 8

Bone density Strength of ligaments Strength of joint structures Thickness of cartilage Also. Regular weight-bearing exercise has been shown to reduce the risk of osteoporosis

Question 9

The skeleton is divided into how many parts? How many bones on each part?

Answer 9

Two 80 on the axial - that is, the axis….skull, spine, ribs and pelvis 126 on the appendicular, the bits that hang off the axial

Question 10

Why is the spinal column curved?

Answer 10

Flexibility of movement, reverting back to its original shape S-shape ensures our weight is centered over our feet.

Question 11

The bone is structured from four components, what are they?

Answer 11

Marrow Cavity
Yellow bone marrow is fat used an energy reserve. Red marrow provided the body with red and white blood cells and platelets.

Shaft
Cortical or compact bone is a dense and strong material. It forms the putter layer (beneath the periosteum) in long bones this is the thickest in the shaft. Whilst the shaft is usually compact bone, the ends are usually vaulted in structure at the expanded ends (like the ball bit of a ball and socket) it’s like this to transfer the stress and weight from bone shafts to joints

Periosteum
The outside layer of the bone. It’s a tough, fibrous shear or membrane. It’s important in one formation and bone repair after accidents.

Bulbous end
Consist of latticework

Question 12

What are the four the types of bone and how are they classified?

Answer 12

Long

Short

Flat

Irregular

Question 13

What’s an irregular bone?

Answer 13

Anything that doesn’t fit into the long, short or flat category.

Spine, ears, and mandible typically.

Question 14

What are the characteristics of short bones?

Answer 14

Normally round in shape, rather than flat or irregular.
Carpals (found in the hands)
Tarsals (found in the feet, are prime examples of this)

Question 15

What are the characteristics of flat bones?

Answer 15

They’re normally broad and have smooth surfaces e.g. Skull, sternum, pelvis and scapula.

Often used to protect soft tissue e.g. The skull

OR

To provide attachments for muscles over a large area e.g. The scapula.

They’re formed of hard bone of varying thickness and have a spongy layer in between.

Question 16

Why should children only use their body weight when training?

Answer 16

Because their bones are. Or fully formed and they still have fontanels (the membrane in between the bones)

Question 17

The bone is structured from four components, what are they?

Answer 17

Marrow Cavity
Yellow bone marrow is fat used an energy reserve. Red marrow provided the body with red and white blood cells and platelets.

Shaft
Cortical or compact bone is a dense and strong material. It forms the putter layer (beneath the periosteum) in long bones this is the thickest in the shaft. Whilst the shaft is usually compact bone, the ends are usually vaulted in structure at the expanded ends (like the ball bit of a ball and socket) it’s like this to transfer the stress and weight from bone shafts to joints

Periosteum
The outside layer of the bone. It’s a tough, fibrous shear or membrane. It’s important in one formation and bone repair after accidents.

Bulbous end
Consist of latticework

Question 18

What are Osteoclasts?

Answer 18

Large cells.

They’re responsible for growth maintenance and repair.

Question 19

What is ossification?

Answer 19

How bones are formed. Full maturation occurs at around 25 years old

Question 20

Why should children only use their body weight when training?

Answer 20

Because their bones are still forming and they still have fontanels (the membrane in between the bones)