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Sports science 1101 > bones > Flashcards

bones Flashcards

1
Q

what are the skeletal system functions

A
  • support
  • protect
  • locomotion
  • production of red blood cells
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2
Q

how does flat bones form

A

formed in direct ossification

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3
Q

how does long bones form

A

formed by indirect ossification but in a multi stage process

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4
Q

how does short and irregular bones form

A

formed by indirect ossification where a carilage moel is created greadually dissolved and then replaced by bone

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5
Q

ossification steps

A

1- caritalage model grows
2- cartilage replaced by bone
3- ossificationcomplete (articular cartilage remains)

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6
Q

what is the bone composition

A
  • minerals
  • collagen
  • apatite
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7
Q

what is the bone structure function

A

1- tubular constrcution of compact bone in the shaft
2- light, cancellous bone at the ends
3- efficent arrangement of strusts and ties in cancellous bone to minimize weight

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8
Q

where are osteoblasts formed

A

formed in the periosteum tight band of organic material

  • building blocks of bone
  • need osteoblasts and osteoplasts to repair and make growth
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9
Q

compact bone

A

dense and located in the shaft of the long bone

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10
Q

spongy bone

A

forms the holes in the bone

- holes filled of liquid to help form red blood cells

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11
Q

flat bone

A

have spongy and compact bone

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12
Q

bone repair

A

1- Haematoma formation
2- Granular material formation
3- Hard callus formation
4- Remodelling

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13
Q

Haematoma formation

A

After fracture, blood vessels in the bone and periosteum are torn and begin to hemorrhage. As a result, a haematoma (mass of clotted blood) forms at the site. Bone cells (deprived of nutrients) begin to die and the tissue becomes inflamed, swollen and painful

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14
Q

Granular material formation

A 
Within a few days soft granulation tissue (soft callus) forms. This is caused by:
• invasion of capillaries
• phagocytic cells clean up the debris
• fibroblasts migrate into the site and
fill the area with collagen
• osteoblasts migrate into the site from
the periosteum and begin bone
formation
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15
Q

Hard callus formation

A

The activity of osteoblasts causes new trabecular (spongey) bone to form within the soft callus. Hard callus formation begins 3 - 4 weeks after injury and continues for 2 - 3 months.

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16
Q

Remodelling

A

Remodelling begins during the hard callus stage and continues for several months. The excess material around the fracture site is removed, as well as from within the medullary cavity. Compact bone is laid down to reform the shaft walls.

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17
Q

what happens with a persons bone composition as they age

A

The 1 : 2 ratio of organic material : inorganic salts provides our skeleton with certain mechanical characteristcs. At birth the ratio is 1:1 and when an elder the composition is 1:7

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18
Q

long bones have evolved in 2 ways

A
  • support weight

- perform speedy movements

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19
Q

what is the bone composition

A
  • 60-70% minerals: resists compression loads

- 30-40% collagen: stiff and strong: resist tension forces (forces that pull the bone apart and ground substances)

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20
Q

explaint the stess strain curve

A
  • increase the load so there is a strain and it cracks once over the plastic stage
  • take the load off it will go back to its orginal function
  • load tissue beyond yeild point (elastic) into plastic and it will never go back to being the same
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21
Q

name the 4 type of forces

A

1- compression: longitudinal forces
2- tension: pulling the bone apart
3- shearing/bending: transverse forces
4- torsion: rotation

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22
Q

The two conflicting roles of weight support, yet

lightness in construction of bones are met by:

A
  • tubular construction of compact bone in the shaft
  • light, cancellous bone at the ends
  • efficient arrangement of struts and ties in cancellous bone to minimize weight
23
Q

compression strenght vaires dependant on what

A
  • direction of force (anisotropic behaviour)
    (greatest when parallel to shaft’s long axis)
  • age and sex
    (greatest in mature males)
  • size, shape robustness and how much minerals is in the bone effects the width and strength
24
Q

tension forces

A
  • tensile strength is a poor away from the long axis of the bone
  • fracture time (time in which the load is applied) (viscoelastic response) the point at which the bone fails
25
Q

bone failure

A
  • fracture under exstenuating forces
  • fracture can occur through shearing and bending
  • can fracture under repeated subthreshold stresses known as fatigue fractures or stress fractures
26
Q

what is tibial pain/shin soreness caused by

A
  • result in a condition called periostalsis (inflammation of the periosteum) caused by:
  • tibial flexing
  • linear pain
  • other factors
27
Q

tibial flexing

A

increased tibial flexing at region of smallest cross sectional area

  • increased stimulation of persiosteum to build bone in this region
  • increased microtrauma and periostisis
28
Q

linear pain

A
  • increase muscle activity
  • increased metabolic activity
  • increased blood flow
  • increased muscle volume
  • increased pressure of fascia
29
Q

other factors that cause tibial flexing

A
  • biomechanics of running
  • shoe design
  • training surfaces
  • training methods
30
Q

the trajectorial theory

A

wolff
- if you change the load of the bone it will change the external and internal structure of the bone depending on the load placed on the bone

31
Q

Pauwels theory

A
  • use an organ this leads to the organ getting bigger and more robust known as hypertrophy
  • if you dont use the tissue or organ it willl respond by getting smaller known as atrophy
  • apposition = reabsorption (tearing down and building of bone)
32
Q

the Mechanostat theory

A

relating strain to bone mass

33
Q

what does immobilisation do to muscles

A
  • leads to atrophy which in turn leads to poorer mechanical properties in bone
34
Q

3 effects of immobilisation in 3 situations

A
  • ageing and activity
  • immobilisation due to casting
  • the effect of weightlessness
35
Q

how to prevent natural decline in post menopasual woman in fracture threshold

A
  • calcium
  • exercise
  • vitamin D
  • HRT
  • bisphoonates
36
Q

what did kannus investigate

A

120 elite racquet sports girls looked at the difference in bone density between the prefferred arm and the non preferred arm. If they started tennis early the more effect the bone material density

37
Q

what did Morris investiagate

A

divided school groups into a control group who did the normal PE activity. Group 2 did an extra 30min x 3 week x 10 months

  • groups matched in weight, height, maturity and BMC
  • after 10 months the experimental group had 2x the role of bone accurral
38
Q

factors that affect bone loss later in life

A
  • lack of calcium in the diet (calcium store)
  • lack of estrogen or testosterone (post-menopausal women, anorexia nervosa, amenorrhoeic athletes and dancers)
  • lack of exercise and weight bearing
39
Q

Andersson & Nilsson (1979)

A

44 sports injuries involving the knee joint:
• Operated cases (with casting) 18% loss in bone mineral
• No operation cases only 10% loss in bone mineral
After 1 year of recovery, bone mineral had still not returned to normal, HOWEVER, weight bearing activity will shorten healing time

40
Q

what are the different facture types

A
  • open vs closed
  • complete vs incomplete
  • displaced vs non displaced
41
Q

what are the mutiple facture types

A
  • green stick
  • partial
  • communuted
  • transverse
  • oblique
  • spinal
42
Q

what are the type of fractures treated by reduction (the realignment of broken bone ends)

A

1- closed reduction (the bone ends are coaxed back into position manually)
2- open reduction (bone ends are secured together surgically with pins)

43
Q

stress fractures

A
  • not a complete break

- caused by sub-maximal repeated loading

44
Q

Osgood Schlatter’s disease

A

Traction periostitis of the tibial tuberosity.

  • periosteum trying to accomodate the large amount of physical activity
  • inflammation of the periosteum and trys to lay down lots of bone
  • tibial tuberosity grows big and angry
45
Q

treatment of overuse injurys

A 
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation
Refrerral to medical practitionar
46
Q

Avulsion factures

A

Often the bony attachment of the muscle is torn away
rather than the muscle or tendon tearing.
- heales quicker
- common in kids

47
Q

Epiphyseal factures

A

Can result in uneven growth if left untreated

48
Q

dislocation

A

complete seperation of the joint

- hand, elbow, shoulders

49
Q

sublaxation

A

partial seperation of the joint. Repair can result in reducing the joint.

50
Q

meniscal tears

A

More common in older adults.
No nerve supply, but damage to surrounding tissues causes pain.
Medical treatment required.

51
Q

catrilage injuries

A
  • Osteochondritis dissecans

- Chrondromglacia patellae

52
Q

Osteochondritis dissecans

A
  • caused by violent activity
  • occurs on the articular cartilage of the femoral condyle
  • this lesion can float in the joint if it breaks free may calcify further and eventually lock the joint
53
Q

Chrondromglacia patellae

A
  • misallienment of the patella over to one side
  • late adolescents and early adulthood
  • damage to the articular surface of the patella
54
Q

surgical technique ACI

A

Phase 1: cartilage retrieval
- lesion filled with fibrous cartilage
- cartlage gets taken from a non weight bearing part of the body and then gets sent to the leg
Phase 2: cell culture
Phase 3: 2nd surgery to implant chondrocyte impregnation patch into defect
Phase 4: Graduated rehab program to cause chondrocytes to migrate, differentiate, and hypertrophy

Sports science 1101 (5 decks)

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