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Lower Limb Anatomy > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

proximal row of tarsal bones

A

calcaneus and talus

for these bones, the plantar surface is also called the distal surface

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2
Q

each of the tarsal bones is a …

A

short, irregular bone

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3
Q

found between the proximal and distal row

A

navicular

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4
Q

the width of the calcaneus is about the same as the height, both are about ______ of its length

A

50%

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5
Q

the dorsal surface of the calcaneus is _______ from front to back and is ___ from side to side.

A

concave; convex

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6
Q

the anterior third of the calcaneus contains what two facets?

A

anterior and middle - they articulate with the talus

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7
Q

what facet on the calcaneus is supported by the sustentaculum tali?

A

middle facet

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8
Q

deep depression on the anterior part of the dorsal surface of the calcaneus located between the middle and posterior facet

A

calcaneal sulcus - the calcaneal sulcus combinew with a deep groove on the plantar surface of the talus to form the tarsal sinus and tarsal canal

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9
Q

the tarsal canal lies _____ to tarsal sinus

A

medial - tarsal canal is directed anterolaterally and it is continuous with tarsal sinus

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10
Q

what lies within the tarsal canal?

A

talocalcaneal ligament

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11
Q

the tarsal sinus lies at the _________ end of the tarsal canal

A

lateral

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12
Q

name all the structures attached to the tarsal sinus (7)

A 
extensor digitorum brevis
inferior extensor retinaculum
inferior peroneal retinaculum 
cervical ligament 
bifurcate ligament 
dorsal calcaenocuboid ligamnet 
lateral calcenocuboid ligament ( sometimes absent)
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13
Q

largest facet on the dorsal surface of calcaneus

A

posterior articular facet

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14
Q

what is the shape of the posterior articular facet of the calcaneus?

A

oval shaped

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15
Q

what two ligaments attach at the posterior third of the dorsal surface of calcaneus?

A

posterior talocalcaneal fibulocalcaneal

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16
Q

the plantar surface of the calcaneus is _______ side to side and wider _____ than ______ making it somewhat triangular in shape.

A

convex ; posteriorly than anteriorly

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17
Q

posterior limit of plantar surface of calcaneus

A

calcaneal tuberosity

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18
Q

describe the calcaneal tuberosity

A

– depressed in the middle and prolonged into a lateral and a medial process on each side – lateral process small but very prominent – medial processs (posteromedial tubercle) is broader and larger than the lateral process

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19
Q

what structures attach to the lateral process (posterolateral tubercle) of calcaneus (4)?

A

abductor digiti quinti
lateral head of quadratus plantae
long plantar ligament
plantar aponeurosis

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20
Q

what structures attach to the medial process (posteromedial tubercle) of the calcaneus (7)?

A 
abductor hallucis 
medial head of quadratus plantae 
long plantar ligament - plantar aponeurosis 
flexor retinaculum 
flexor digitorum brevis 
abductor digiti quinti
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21
Q

what structures have attachment to the depression between the medial and lateral processes of the calcaneal tuberosity?

A

long plantar ligament and abductor digit quiniti

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22
Q

where is the anterior tubercle of the calcaneus?

A

near the anterior border of the plantar surface of the calcaneus there is a tubercle for the plantar calcaneocuboid ligament (short plantar ligament)

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23
Q

what shape is the facet on the anterior surface of the calcaneus that articulates with the cuboid? what attaches to its medial margin?

A 
Triangular, the facet is convex transversely and concave vertically therefore it appears saddle-shaped  
Plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament attaches to the medial margin
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24
Q

the ______ area of the posterior surface of the calcaneus is smooth.

A

superior

- covered by a bursa that lies deep to the tendo calcaneus - the inferior and middle are are roughened

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25
Q

which part of the calcaneus has a roughened area for the attachment of tendo calcaneus and plantaris? Where does plantaris attach?

A
  • middle area of the posterior surface of calcaneus

- at times plantaris attaches medial to the tendo calcaneus, other times they attach together

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26
Q

the lateral surface of the calcaneus is broader _______ than _____.

A

– posteriorly; anteriorly - this surface can have 1-3 tubercles

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27
Q

tubercle directly posterior to the peroneal trochlea/tuberosity on the lateral surface of calcaneus

A
  • retrotrochlear eminence - located in middle third of lateral surface
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28
Q

ridge of bone formed by a groove for the tendon of peroneus longus; where does the tendon in relation to this ridge of bone?

A
  • peroneal trochlea - lies anterior to retrotrochlear eminence on lateral calcaneus
  • groove for the tendon of peroneus longus lies inferior and posterior to the peroneal trochlea
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29
Q

how often is the peroneal trochlea present?

A
  • 33% of time - rarely, there is second groove located superior to the peroneal trochlea and formed by the tendon of peroneus brevis (usually not present)
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30
Q

what attaches to the peroneal trochlea?

A

deep fibers of the inferior peroneal retinaculum

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31
Q

what 3 tubercles might be on the lateral side of calcaneus?

A

retrotrochlear eminence
peroneal tubercle
tubercle for calcaneofibular tuberosity

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32
Q

where would the third tubercle be found on the calcaneus?

A
  • lateral surface - posterior and superior to retrotrochlear eminence - serves as attachment for calcaneofibular ligament
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33
Q

how often is the third tubercle on lateral side of calcaneus present?

A

40-50%

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34
Q

the ______ ligament attaches just anterior and superior to the calcaneofibular ligament which partially overlies it on the lateral surface of calcaneus

A

lateral talocalcaneal ligament

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35
Q

the medial surface of the calcenus is deeply _______

A
  • concave - plantar nerves and vessels are located in this hollow
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36
Q

the medial head of the quadratus plantae attaches to the medial surface of _____

A
  • calcaneus *** this attachment of the medial head of quadratus plantae to the medial surface of the calcaneus is more extensive than its attachment to the medial process (plantar surface)
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37
Q

shelf-like projection from medial surface of calcaneus

A

sustentaculum tali - superior surface of sutentaculum tali articulates with talus - inferior surface is grooved by tendon of flexor hallucis longus

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38
Q

what structures attach to the sustentaculum tali (4)?

A

tibiocalcaneal ligament (part of deltoid ligament)
medial talocalcaneal ligament
recurrent band of tibialis posterior (partial insertion)
plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament

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39
Q

what tendons attach to the talus?

A

NONE! no muscle or tendons attach to talus

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40
Q

the body of the talus is ____ in shape

A

cubical

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41
Q

the superior surface of the body of the talus is called the _______

A
  • trochlea - because it is shaped like a pulley - convex from anterior to posterior
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42
Q

what structures does the trochlea of talus articulate with (5)?

A

tibial plafond (inferior surface of tibia)
medial malleolus of tibia
lateral malleolus of fibula
anterior (inferior) tibiofibular ligament
inferior transverse ligament, which is the deep portion of the posterior (inferior) tibiofibular ligament

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43
Q

the large, oval concave facet on the inferior surface of the body of the talus articulates with _______. The facet is named __________.

A

calcaneus at subtalar joint

posterior articular facet

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44
Q

located at the union of the body and neck of talus on inferior surface

A

sulcus tali

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45
Q

comma-shaped facet on medial surface of talus articulates with _______.

A
  • medial malleolus - inferior to the surface the medial surface is rough where the anterior tibiotalar ligament (part of deltoid) is attached
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46
Q

the lateral surface of the body of talus has a ________ shape

A

triangular shape - apex pointing inferiorly

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47
Q

NAME?

A
  • lateral process - has large triangular facet for the lateral malleolus - rough areas anterior and posterior to articular fact for attachment of anterior talofibular and posterior talofibular ligaments
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48
Q

there are usually ______ for the anterior talofibular ligament and a _____ for the posterior talofibular ligament on the ____ surface of the body of talus

A
  • two tubercles - groove - lateral - the lateral talocalcenal ligament attaches anteroinferior to the lateral malleolar surface
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49
Q

posterior surface of talus aka

A
  • posterior process - ledge of bone that projects posteriorly and inferiorly
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50
Q

what divides the posterior surface of talus into medial and lateral tubercles?

A
  • posterior process is grooved by tendon of flexor hallucis longus, which divides the posterior process into medial and lateral tubercels
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51
Q

what attaches to the medial tubercle on posterior surface of talus?

A
  • medial talocalcaneal ligament and posterior tibiotalar ligament (part of deltoid) - if present, the medial band of posterior talocalcaneal ligament also attaches to medial tubercle
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52
Q

the lateral tubercle on posterior talus is larger than the medial. what three ligaments attach to it?

A
  • posterior talofibular - posterior talocalcaneal - fibulotalocalcaneal
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53
Q

when secondary ossification in the lateral tubercle of posterior process of talus fails to fuse it creates an accessory bone called __________

A

os trigonum

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54
Q

where is the neck of the talus seen most easily?

A

-on lateral and superior surfaces - on medial and inferior surfaces the neck is represented by a deep groove called the sulcus tali

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55
Q

the sulcus tali and calcaneal sulcus together form the …

A

tarasal sinus and tarsal canal

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56
Q

what does the tarsal canal contain?

A
  • interosseous talocalcaneal ligament
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57
Q

what attaches to the superior surface of the neck of the talus?

A

(dorsal) talonavicular ligament

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58
Q

how is the head of the talus directed?

A

anteriorly medially slightly inferiorly

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59
Q

the anterior surface of the head of the talus has a large _____, _________ facet for its articularion with navicular

A

ovoid, convex

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60
Q

how many facets are on the inferior surface of the head of the talus?

A
  • three - two facets articulate with calcaneus - third facet articulates with plantar calcaneonvaicular (spring) ligament (superior portion of ligament contains fibrocartilage upon which head of talus rests)
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61
Q

what facets are located on the inferior surface of the head of the talus?

A

anterior calcaneal facet – articulates with anterior talar facet middle calcaneal facet – articulates with middle talar facet

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62
Q

the most lateral bone in distal row of tarsal bones

A

cuboid

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63
Q

orientation of the cuboid

A

-superior surface is directed superolateral - inferior surface is directed inferomedial

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64
Q

which ligaments attach on the superior surface of the cuboid?

A

(5) - dorsal calcaneocuboid - dorsal cuneocuboid - dorsal cuboideonavicular - two dorsal cuboideometatarsals (one ligament to 4th; one to 5th) - lateral calcaneocuboid

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65
Q

the “beak” of cuboid

A
  • the coronoid process - located on plantar surface where the medial and posterior borders meet
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66
Q

what structures are on the plantar surface of the cuboid?

A
  • peroneal sulcus - peroneal ridge - both sulcus and ridge course obliquely from posterolateral to anteromedial - peroneal sulcus lies distal to the peroneal ridge - tendon of peroneus longus lies either in the peroneal groove or against the anterior aspect of the peroneal ridge - deep fibers of the long plantar ligament attach to the peroneal ridge - superficial fibers of the long plantar ligament course over the tendon of peroneus longus
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67
Q

what forms an osseofibrous canal for the tendon of the peoneus longus?

A
  • long plantar ligament and cuboid form an osseofibrous canal for the tendon of the peroneus longus
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68
Q

what structures are attached to the plantar surface of the cuboid?

A

(7) - long plantar ligament - short plantar ligament - plantar cuboideonavicular ligament - tibialis posterior - flexor hallucis brevis - plantar cuneocuboid ligament - two plantar cuboideometatarsals ligaments (one to 4th, one to 5th)

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69
Q

the peroneal ridge on cuboid terminates laterally as..

A

cuboid tuberosity

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70
Q

the cuboid tuberosity has an ______ facet

A
  • oval - over which there is a sesamoid bone (os peroneum) in tendon of peroneus longus
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71
Q

located at the plantar edge of the lateral surface of cuboid

A

peroneal notch - this notch marks the beginning of the peroneal sulcus

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72
Q

shape of the medial surface of cuboid

A

quadrilateral - has a triangular facet for lateral cuneiform at the dorsal, middle portion - can sometimes also be small facet for navicular

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73
Q

3 ligaments attached to medial surface of cuboid

A
  • interosseous cuboideonavicular - itneroseous cuneocuboid - calcaneocuboid portion of the bifurcated ligament
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74
Q

the posterior surface of the cuboid has a _____ shape facet for calcaneus

A

triangular - saddle-shaped - concave transversely and convex vertically

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75
Q

the anterior surface of the cuboid has a vertical ridge that separates two facets. Describe the shape of the medial and lateral facet.

A
  • medial facet is quadrilateral in shape and is for articulation with base of 4th metatarsal - lateral facet is triangular with apex directed laterally for articulation with 5th metatarsal
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76
Q

navicular is latin for …

A

navy

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77
Q

formerly known as scaphoid

A

navicular

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78
Q

describe shape of navicular

A
  • boat shaped - concave proximally and convex distally - articulates with talus, three cuneifroms and cuboid, rarely with calcaneus
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79
Q

the dorsal surface of the navicular is _________ and oriented ______.

A

convex; superomedially

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80
Q

what ligaments attach to dorsal surface of navicular?

A

(5) - three dorsal cuneonaviculars - dorsal cuboideonavicular - dorsal talonavicular - calcaneonavicular portion of the bifurcated ligament - tibionavicular portion of the deltoid ligament

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81
Q

what separates the navicular tuberosity from the plantar surface?

A

groove for tendon of tibialis posterior - groove is for continuation of the tendon of tibialis posterior beyond its attachment to the tuberosity

82
Q

the ligaments attached to the plantar surface of the navicular bone are:

A

(3) - spring ligament (plantar calcaneonavicular) - plantar cuboideonavicular ligament - three plantar cuneonavicualr ligaments (one to each cuneiform)

83
Q

what attaches to the lateral edge/surface of the navicular?

A
  • lateral calcaneonavicular portion of the bifurcated ligament (also attaches dorsally) - cuboideonavicular ligament
84
Q

what attaches to the medial tuberosity on the navicular?

A
  • tibialis posterior (may have os tibiale externum accessory bone) - medial cuneonavicular ligament (attaches to medial cuneiform)
85
Q

the anterior surface of the navicular is _______ from side to side

A

convex

86
Q

describe teh facets on the anterior surface of the navicular.

A
  • large articular facet subdivided by tow vertical crests into 3 articular area - medial (largest) pear-shaped, triangular or quadrilateral in shape - middle and lateral are triangular - each facet articulates with appropriate cuneiform
87
Q

the posterior surface of the navicular is ______

A

concave - contains a large oval/tear-shaped facet for articulation with head of talus

88
Q

cuneiform is latin for …

A

wedge

89
Q

smallest and most typical cuneiform

A

intermediate cuneiform

90
Q

the _____ surface of the medial cuneiform is its base.

A

plantar

91
Q

what tendons have partial insertion to the plantar surface of medial cuneiform

A
  • tibialis anterior - tibialis posterior - peroneus longus
92
Q

several ligaments attach to the plantar surface of the medial cuneiform. what are they?

A

(4) - plantar cuneonavicular - plantar intercuneiform - plantar cuneometatarsal (to first met) - plantar cuneometatarsal (to second met)

93
Q

medial surface of medial cuneiform has a ___ shape

A

quadrialteral

94
Q

why is the facet on anteroinferior aspect of medial cuneiform unique?

A
  • does not articulate with another tarsal bone but has small facet near its anteroinferior aspect - small bursa lies between this facet and a sesamoid bone within the tendon of tibialis anterior
95
Q

what ligaments attach to the medial surface of the medial cuneiform

A

(5) - medial cuneonavicular - dorsal cuneonavicular - dorsal intercuneiform - dorsal cuneometatarsal (to first met) - dorsal cuneometatarsal (to 2nd met)

96
Q

the lateral surface of the medial cuneiform is _____ and has __ facets

A
  • concave - two - small oval facet foudn anteriorly for the bas eof the second metatarsal - facet for intermeidate cuneiform has teh shape of an inverted L - horizontal part of L is superior and the vertical part is posterior
97
Q

what two ligaments attach to the lateral surface of the medial cuneiform

A
  • lisfranc’s ligament (interosseous tarsometatrsal ligament attached to lateral surface of medial cuneiform and second met) - interosseous intercuneiform ligament to intermediate cuneiform
98
Q

what is the shape of the anterior surface of the medial cuneiform>

A

kidney shaped/ reniform surface - this surface articulates with base of the first metatarsal

99
Q

the posterior surface of the medial cuneiform is _______ and articulates with the navicular.

A
  • concave - can be triangular, pear-shaped or quadrilateral
100
Q

what is the shape of the dorsal surface of the intermediate cuneiform?

A
  • quadrilateral or square - the dorsal surface forms the base of the cuneiform and it sough
101
Q

there is a ligament to each of the 4 bones that articulate with the intermediate cuneiform. The ligaments are:

A
  • dorsal cuneonavicular - two dorsal intercuneiform - dorsal cuneometatarsal
102
Q

the ____ surface of the intermediate cuneiform is the the apex of wedge.

A
  • plantar - thin, crest-like surface
103
Q

what ligaments attach to the plantar surface of the intermediate cuneiform?

A
  • plantar cuneonavicular - two plantar intercuneiforms
104
Q

The anterior surface of the intermediate cuneiform has a ________ facet for its articulation with the ________ metatarsal.

A
  • triangular - second metatarsal
105
Q

The posterior surface of the intermediate cuneiform has _______ facet for its articulation with the ______.

A
  • triangular - navicular
106
Q

The ________ surface of the intermediate cuneiform has a articular facet shaped like an inverted L.

A
  • medial - the horizontal part is superior and the vertical part is posterior - non-articular area is for an interosseous intercuneiform ligament with the medial cuneiform
107
Q

The lateral surface of the intermediate cuneiform has both an articular area and a nonarticular area. The articular facet is smooth and has the shape of ______. The nonarticular area is for attachment of _______.

A
  • elongated oval, elongated in vertical direction - interoseous intercuneiform ligament to the lateral cuneiform
108
Q

the dorsal surface of the lateral cuneiform is _______ in shape. what ligaments attach here?

A
  • rectangular - (4) - dorsal cuneocuboid - dorsal cuneonavicular - dorsal intercuneiform - two dorsal cuneometatarsal ligaments
109
Q

the ___ surface of the lateral cuneiform is the apex of the wedge. What muscles attach to this surface? What ligaments attach to this surface?

A
  • plantar - muscles: flexor hallucis brevis and tibialis posterior - ligaments: plantar cuneocuboid, plantar cuneonavicular, plantar intercuneiform, plantar cuneometatarsal
110
Q

the anterior surface of the lateral cuneiform has a ______ facet for articulation with the base of the ____ metatarsal.

A
  • triangular - third
111
Q

The posterior surface of the lateral cuneiform is ____. It articulates with the ______.

A
  • triangular - navicular
112
Q

the medial surface of the lateral cuneiform is ____ in shape. Posteriorly, there is a _____ facet for articulation with the _______ cuneiform. Anteriorly, there are _________ demarcates for articulation with the second metatarsal.

A
  • rectangular - vetically orientated oval facet - intermediate - two oval demarcates
113
Q

the only ligament attached to the medial surface of the lateral cuneiform is _______

A

interosseous intercuneiform

114
Q

the lateral surface of the lateral cuneiform is ______ with ___ facets.

A
  • rectangular - two facets - larger more posteriorly facet is triangular and for articulation with cuboid - smaller more anterior is oval for articulation with fourth metatarsal
115
Q

the only ligament attached to the lateral surface of the lateral cuneiform is the …

A

interosseous cuneocuboid

116
Q

the proximal extremity of the metatarsal is the _____ and the distal extremity is the ______

A
  • base - head
117
Q

the bases of the metatarsal bone articulate with ________ and the bases of the lesser metatarsal also articulate with _______

A
  • distal row of tarsal bones - with each other
118
Q

the shafts of the metatarsal have longitudinal curve that is _____ dorsally and ______ plantarly

A
  • convex - concave
119
Q

the heads of the metatarsal are convex. The _____ surface of each head extends back proximally further than does the _____ surface.

A
  • proximally; dorsal
120
Q

what ligament is attached tot he heads of all five metatarsal bones?

A

deep transverse metatarsal ligament

121
Q

shortest metatarsal

A
  • first - also thickest, heaviest and strongest
122
Q

the posterior surface of the base of the first met has a ________ facet for its articulation with the medial cuneiform

A
  • concave, reniform (kidney-shaped) facet
123
Q

how many surfaces does the base of the first metatarsal have?

A
  • inferior, medial and lateral (ellen: and posterior?) - base is somewhat triangular
124
Q

what two tendons attach to the base of the first met?

A
  • tibialis anterior attaches to the medial surface of the base - peroneus longus attaches to the lateral surface of the base - these tendons attach inferiorly near the plantar surface
125
Q

what two ligaments attach to the base of the first met>

A
  • dorsal and plantar cuneometatarsal ligaments - these attache to medial and inferior surfaces respectively
126
Q

the ___________ muscle is attached to the lateral surface of the shaft of first met.

A
  • medial head of the first dorsal interosseous muscle - shaft has three surfaces: lateral, inferior, and dorsomedial
127
Q

on the plantar surface of the first met, the two facets for the medial and lateral sesamoid bones are separated by a small ridge of bone, ___

A
  • the median crista
128
Q

the ______ diameter of the head of the first met is greater than the ________ diameter. For the other four mets, the _______ diameter is greater than the transverse.

A
  • transverse; vertical - vertical; transverse
129
Q

how is the second met unique compared to other mets?

A
  • longest of mets - extends more proximally - articulates proximally with all three cuneiforms
130
Q

base of the second met is ______ shaped. The borders are _____.

A
  • wedge-shaped or pyramidal with apex directed plantarly - borders are dorsal, lateral, and medial
131
Q

The posterior surface of the second met base has a ____ facet for its articulation with intermediate cuneiform. The medial surface of the base of the second met has a _______ facet for its articulation with the medial cueniform. The lateral surface of the base has ____ facets for articulation with ________.

A
  • triangular - small, oval (occasionally a second small oval facet, located anterior and inferior to the facet for the medial cuneiform is present - it is a pressure facet for first met and forms from contact between the bones. ) - two facets, one dorsal and one plantar. a ridge of bone separates each facet into demarcates. - the two anterior demarcates are for the third met. the two posterior demarcates are for the lateral cuneiform
132
Q

Four ligaments attach to the dorsal surface of the base of the second met:

A
  • dorsal intermetatarsal ligament to third met - three dorsal cuneometatarsal ligaments, one for each cuneiform
133
Q

what structures attach to the plantar surface of the base of the second met:

A
  • long plantar ligament - tibialis posterior - plantar cuneometatarsal ligament - plantar intermetatarsal ligament - adductor hallucis (oblique head)
134
Q

two ligaments attach to the lateral surface of the base of the second met:

A
  • interosseous intermetatarsal - interosseous cuneometatarsal
135
Q

what attaches to the medial surface of the base of the second met?

A

lisfranc’s ligament

136
Q

the shaft of the second met gives rise to what muscles ?

A
  • lateral head of first dorsal interosseous (from medial surface) - medial head of second dorsal itnerosseous (from lateral surface)
137
Q

the shafts of the second, third and fourth mets have how many surfaces?

A

3 - dorsal - lateral - medial in cross section the shaft of a metatarsal would appear triangular in shape

138
Q

the articular surface of the second met head diverges into medial and lateral condyles. what structure passes between these condyles?

A

flexor tendons

139
Q

where are the articular surfaces on the base of the third met?

A
  • one on posterior surface - one on the lateral surface - two on the medial surface
140
Q

the posterior surface of the base of third met has a _______ facet for the lateral cuneiform. the lateral surface of the base has a ________ facet for the fourth met. Just inferior to this facet, there is a distinctive ____________ characteristic of the bone.

A
  • triangular - small, oval - groove for the interosseous intermetatarsal ligament
141
Q

the medial surface of the base of the third met has _____ demarcates for articulation with ________. What attaches to the medial surface?

A
  • two, one dorsal and one plantar - second metatarsal - interosseous intermetatarsal ligament
142
Q

what three ligaments attach to the dorsal surface of the base of the third met?

A
  • two dorsal intermetatarsal ligaments - dorsal cuneometatarsal ligament
143
Q

what structures attach to the crest of the base of the third met?

A

(6) - oblique head of adductor hallucis - tibialis posterior - long plantar ligament - plantar cuneometatarsal ligament - two plantar intermetatarsal ligaments

144
Q

how many muscles originate from the shaft of the third met?

A
  • lateral head of second dorsal interosseous - medial head of third dorsal interosseous - first plantar interosseous
145
Q

The posterior surface of the base of the fourth met has a _________ facet for its articulation with the ________. The medial surface of the base of the fourth met has an _____ facet for its articulation with _______.

A
  • quadrilateral; cuboid - oval, divided by a ridge; anterior articulates with third met and posterior articulates with lateral cuneiform
146
Q

what ligaments attach to the dorsal surface of the base of the 4th met?

A
  • two dorsal intermetatarsal - dorsal cuboideometatarsals
147
Q

like the second and third met, the plantar surface of the base of the fourth met serves as origin for the _________.

A

oblique head of adductor hallucis

148
Q

what structures attach tot he plantar surface of the fourth met?

A
  • oblique head of adductor hallucis - tibialis posterior - long plantar ligamnet - plantar cuboideometatarsal ligament - two plantar intermetatarsal ligaments
149
Q

the lateral surface of the base of the 4th met has a _______ facet for ________.

A
  • large, triangular or oval - fifth metatarsal - an interosseous intermetatarsal ligament is attached to this surface
150
Q

the shaft of the fourth metatarsals serves as origin for what muscles?

A
  • lateral head of third dorsal interosseous - medial head of fourth dorsal interoseous - second plantar interosseous
151
Q

the apex of the 5ht met points _________.

A
  • plantarly and laterally - known as the styloid process of the fifth
152
Q

the base of the 5th met is _______ in shape

A

triangular or pyramidal

153
Q

The posterior surface of the base of the 5th met has a _____ facet for the _______. The medial surface has a ____ facet for the 4th met.

A
  • triangular; cuboid - triangular or oval; fourth met
154
Q

primary feature of the lateral surface of the base of the 5th met

A

tuberosity of the 5th met

155
Q

what inserts onto the tuberosity of the 5th met?

A
  • peroneus brevis - peroneus tertius inserts onto the dorsal surface of the base and the dorsal surface of the shaft of the 5th met
156
Q

what attaches to the medial surface of the 5th met?

A

an interosseous intermetatarsal ligament

157
Q

what structures attach to the dorsal surface of the base of 5th met?

A
  • peroneus tertius - dorsal cuboideometatarsals ligament - dorsal intermetatarsal ligament
158
Q

the plantar surface of the base of the 5th met is grooved by ______

A

tendon of abductor digiti quinti

159
Q

_________ takes partial origin from the surface of the base of the 5th met.

A

flexor digiti quint

160
Q

at times, an accessory muslce called abductor os metatarsi digit minimi also inserts ___________.

A

plantar surface of the base of the fifth metatarsal

161
Q

a thickening in the planatar aponerosis called the ______ ligament, attaches to the plantar surface of the base of the 5th met.

A

calcaneometatarsal ligament (plantar ligament of the sole

162
Q

what structures attach to the plantar surface of the base of the 5th met?

A
  • flexor digiti quinti brevis - plantar ligament of the sole - plantar cuboideometatarsals ligament - plantar intermetatarsal ligament
163
Q

the shaft of the 5th metatarsal serves as origin for what muscles?

A
  • lateral head of the fourth dorsal interoseous - third plantar interosseous
164
Q

the shaft of the 5th met has a different orientation than those of the 2nd-4th. The surfaces are:

A

dorsal, medial, and inferior

165
Q

the large toe has __ phalanges. The lesser toes has ____ phalanges per toe.

A
  • two: proximal and distal - three: proximal, middle and distal
166
Q

the proximal phalanx has a large base directed _______.

A

transversley

167
Q

oval, concave articular surface on great toe =

A

glenoid cavity - glenoid cavity is smaller than the head of the metatarsal which articulates with it

168
Q

there is a transverse crest on the ______ surface of the proximal phalanx of great toe close to its base. What inserts on this crest?

A
  • transverse - extensor hallucis brevis
169
Q

On the plantar surface of the proximal phalanx of great does, there are ____ tubercle near the base.

A
  • two - medial plantar tubercle is large; attached to it are teh medial head of glexor hallucis brevis and abductor hallucis - attached to lateral plantar tubercle are the lateral head of gleoxr hallucis brevis and sdductor hallucis
170
Q

the shaft of the proximal phalanx of the great toe is ______ plantarly. It is slightly grooved at each end by the ___________. The shaft of the proximal phalanx is _______ dorsally.

A
  • concave - tendon of flexor hallucis longus - convex
171
Q

Describe the head of the proximal phalanx of the great toe.

A
  • flat vertically - articular surface trochlear; large and extends more plantarly than dorsally
172
Q

the distal phalanx of the great toe has ______ oriented base.

A
  • large, transversely oriented
173
Q

the distal phalanx of the great toe does not line up with the proximal phalanx on the same plane. How much does it deviate?

A

deviates laterally by 15 degrees

174
Q

on the dorsal surface of the distal phalanx of great toe, ___________ attaches to a tuberosity near the base. However, on the plantar surface, ______________ attaches to an obliquely directed ridge which courses along the entire plantar surface.

A
  • extensor hallucis longus - flexor hallucis longus
175
Q

true or false: the proximal phalanges of the lesser toes are longer than the middle and distal phalanges combined.

A

TRUE

176
Q

the bases of the lesser toes have _______ facets for the metatarsal heads

A

oval

177
Q

each proximal phalanx has ____ plantar tubercels

A
  • two, one medial one lateral
178
Q

For toes three through five, the ___________ tuebrcle is for plantar interosei.

A
  • medial plantar tubercle - Both tubercles of toe two and the lateral tubercles for toes 3 and 4 are for dorsal interossei. - lateral tubercle of the fifth toe is for abductor digiit quinti and flexor digiti quinit (brevis)
179
Q

what attaches to the lateral tubercle of the fifth toe?

A

abductor digiti quinit and flexor digiti quinit (brevis)

180
Q

what are the two most constant sesamoid bones of the foot?

A
  • medial (tibial) and lateral (fibular) bones within the tnedons of flexor hallucis brevis - located at the first metatarsophalangeal joint - medial sesamoid bone is usually larger than the lateral
181
Q

Name the bone located within the tendon of the tibialis anterior as it crosses the smooth facet on the medial cuneiform.

A
  • no special name - almost always present
182
Q

sesamoid bone located within the tendon of peroneus longus as it crosses the cuboid

A

os peroneum

183
Q

List of other sesamoid bones in order of decreasing frequency.

A
  1. w/i tendon of flexor digitorum brevis to the second toe, at the MPJ 2. w/i tendon of flexor digitorum brevis to the fifth toe, at the MPJ 3. w/i tendon of tibialis posterior, beneath the navicular 4. w/i tendon of flexor digitorum brevis to third toe, at MPJ 5. w/i tendon of flexor digitorum brevis to fourth toe at the MPJ 6. w/i tendon of flexor hallucis longus at the IPJ 7. w/i tendon of flexor digitorum longus at the proximal interphalangeal joints (freq 2,5,3,4) 8. w/i any of follwing tendons as they cross malleoli: tibailis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, peroneus longus, perneus brevis
184
Q

name the most common accessory bones

A

os trigonum os tibiale os intermetatarseum each of these bones is found in about 10% of the population

185
Q

accessory bone associated with the lateral tubercle of the posterior process of the talus

A

os trigonum

186
Q

accessory bone found when the secondary ossification center in the navicular tuberosity fails to fuse with the rest of the navicular

A

os tibiale externum

187
Q

accessory bone located between the emdial cuneiform and th abses of the first and second metatarsals

A

os intermetatarseum

188
Q

accessory bone associated with the lateral cuneiform

A

os uncinatum

189
Q

accessory bone associated with the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal

A

os vesalinum (vesalius’ bone)

190
Q

what tarsal bone has more than one ossification center?

A
  • calcaneus has an epiphysis in the posterior extremity as well as a primary ossification center - all other tarsal have a single center
191
Q

what is the sequence of ossification in the foot bones? (when begin ossification)

A
  1. metatarsals and phalanges: 9-12 wks in utero 2. calcaneus: months 4-7 in utero 3. talus: month 6 in utero 4. cuboid: birth 5. lateral cuneiform: during year 1 6. medial cuneiform: during year 2 7. intermediate cuneifrom: during year 3 8. navicular: during year 3 - last tarsal to begin ossification 9. sesamoids: each has its own ossification center
192
Q

last tarsal bone to begin ossificiation

A

navicualr

193
Q

each metatarsal bone has __ ossification centers.

A
  • two - diaphysis in the shaft (appears during fetus) - first met: epiphysis at base (appears during year 3) - mets 2-5: epiphysis at the head (appears during years 5-8)
194
Q

each phalanx has _____ ossification centers

A
  • two - a diaphysis in the shaft - epiphysis at base
195
Q

what are the bones of the medial arch?

A

fist three metatarsals all three cuneiforms navicular calcaneus talus

196
Q

what is the keystone of the medial arch

A

talus

197
Q

what are the bones of the lateral arch

A

mets 4 and 5 cuboid calcaneus talus

198
Q

what is the keystone of the lateral arch

A

cuboid “although all the weight is transferred only via the talus, the cuboid is considered the keystone of this arch”

199
Q

where is the transverse arch of the foot located?

A

tarsometatarsal junction

200
Q

what bones form the transverse arch?

A

four tarsal bones of the distal row ( cuboid, 3 cuneiforms) all five metatarsal bones

Lower Limb Anatomy (7 decks)

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