bones

Question 1

the mother of a teenager is discussing her child complaint of constant backache. She has searched the internet for causes and wants to know about conditions such as curvature of the spine and disc prolapse.
which one of the following statements regarding curvature of the spine is not correct?
a. excessive lumbar lordosis is associated with over-developed abdominal muscles that pull the spine forward in the lumbar region
b. swimmer’s back implies excessive kyphosis associated with training and competition in butterfly events
c. some degree of thoracic kyphosis is normal
d. some degree of cervical and lumbar lordosis is normal

Answer 1

excessive lumbar lordosis is associated with over-developed abdominal muscles that pull the spine forward in the lumbar region

Question 2

which of teh following statements regarding scoliosis is NOT correct?
a. LLD msy be a cause
b. by definition the condition can only involve thoracic spine
c. it assumes an S-shape or a C-shape
d. scoliosis involves lateral deviation of the spinal column

Answer 2

by definition the condition can only involve thoracic spine

Question 3

which one of the following statements regarding disc herniation is NOt correct?
a. symptoms typically include numbness and pain
b. nerves are compressed by the bulging nucleus pulposus
c. it is the anterior/forward protrusion of the nucleus pulposus that causes symptoms
d. the nucleus pulposus protrudes between vertebrae

Answer 3

it is the anterior/forward protrusion of the nucleus pulposus that causes symptoms

Question 4

which of the follwing state regard backache is not correct?
a. back pain is a highly reliable sign of spinal problems and is very seldom referred from elsewhere
b. in a post-menopausal woman the pain may be the consequence of vertebral fracture
c. it is mechanical in the vast majority of cases
d. the pain may be due to infection such as TB

Answer 4

back pain is a highly reliable sign of spinal problems and is very seldom referred from elsewhere