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Clinical Chem II > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

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1
Q

The bone is made up of

A

A matrux and cellular components.

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2
Q

What are the two matrix components of the bone?

A

Minerals: Calcium, phosphate and magnesium

Organic compounds: Type I collagen

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3
Q

The cellular portion of the bone is made up of what three cells?

A

Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes

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4
Q

What are the functions of the bone?

A

Mechanical
Protective
Metabolic

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5
Q

The cortical bone perfeorms what functions of the bone?

A

Mechanical and protective

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6
Q

What type of bone performs the metabolic function?

A

Trabecular bone

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7
Q

What does the mechanical function of the bone consist of?

A

The bones serve as levers for skeletal muscle movement. Our tendons attach muscle to the the bones to move our extremities

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8
Q

What does the protective function of the bone consist of?

A

The bones provide a rigid framework for structure. This protects vulnerable organs from injury.

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9
Q

What dies the metabolic function of the bone concist of?

A

The bone contains hematopoietic tissue in its marrow which serves as reservoir for minerals like calcium and phosphate

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10
Q

Bone turnover happens continuously at regions called

A

Remodeling units

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11
Q

What is the role of osteoclasts?

A

They resorb old bone by digesting organic matrix, releasing minerals into the blood.

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12
Q

What is the role of osteoblasts?

A

They form new bone by synthesizing the organic matrix, especialky type I collagen, depositing minerals to solidify new matrix

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13
Q

Turnover rates are affected by

A

Calcium, phosphate and magnesium metabolism, and hormones like pth and Vitamin D

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14
Q

Bone disease can be a product of what three issues?

A

Disorders of hormones and mineral metabolism
Metabolic bone disease
Idiopathic

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15
Q

List the metabolic bone diseases.

A 
Osteoporosis 
Osteomalacia
Ricket’s
Renal osteodystrophy
Scurvy
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16
Q

What us the most common metabolic bone disease?

A

Osteoporosis

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17
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

This is a metabolic bone disease inwhich there is decease in total bone mass andd density

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18
Q

What auses osteoporosis?

A

Aging

Endocrine issues

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19
Q

What is osteoporosis caused by old age called?

A

Senile osteoporosis

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20
Q

Why does aging cause osteoporosis in humans?

A

Theres decreased osteoblast activity with age.

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21
Q

In this condition, osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity which causes low bone mass and density

A

Osteoporosis

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22
Q

How do endocrine issues cause osteoporosis?

A

Decreased estrogen

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23
Q

What are the symptoms of osteoporosis?

A

Bone fracture
Loss of teeth
Compression fractures in vertebrae

24
Q

What are the two suntypes of osteomalacia?

A

Ricket’s

Renal osteodystrophy

25
Q

This is an adukt disorder of mineralization during bone formation caused by inadequate calcification of matrux resukting in bone softening

A

Osteomalacia

26
Q

There is an increase of what substance in osteomalacia?

A

Increased unmineralized osteoid (collagen)

27
Q

Increased osteoblast activity in osteommalacia results in increase of what enzyme iptrying to compensate?

A

ALP

28
Q

What are the causes of osteomalacia?

A

Vitamin D deficiency
Hypophosphatemia
Kidney disease/failure

29
Q

What us the most commone cause of osteomalacia worldwide?

A

Vitamin D deficiency

30
Q

What are the symptoms of osteomalacia in adults?

A

Severe bone pain
Skeletal fractions
Soft bone due to lack of mineralization

31
Q

What is ricket’s?

A

Child disorder of mineralization defect

32
Q

What causes Ricket’s?

A

Lack of active vitamin D or vitamin D resitance

Calcium or phosphate deficiency

33
Q

A 1 month okd babt who is still breastfed and does not receive adequate sunkights is at hugh risk of what disease?

A

Risket’s

34
Q

What enzyme deficiency in the kidneys leads to no active vitamine D production?

A

1-a-hydroxylase

35
Q

Although vitamin D levels are normal in some patients with osteomalacia, what vitamin D associated condition may cause the disease?

A

Vitamin D resistance due to defect in receptor

36
Q

What is renal osteodystrophy?

A

This is a chronic renal failure associated wuth complex bone abnormalities and mineral issues

37
Q

In ROm decreased active vitamin D from kidmey failure causes

A

Hypocalcemia which induces PTH release.

38
Q

What condition is an effect from overeactive PTH from lack of vitamin D?

A

Osteomalacia

39
Q

What is scurvy?

A

Inadequate collagen synthesis due to lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

40
Q

What vitamin is needed for the sysnthesjs of collagen?

A

Vitamin C

41
Q

What are the symptoms of scurvy?

A

Fractures
Bleeding gums and vessels
Loss of teeth

42
Q

What us a ither name for Paget’s disease?

A

Osteitis deformans

43
Q

Whats us the one idopathic bine disease?

A

Paget’s

44
Q

What is paget’s disease?

A

Thus is bone resorption followed by chaotic replacement of bone architecture

45
Q

Paget’s disease usually sees hugh levels of what enzyme?

A

ALP

46
Q

List the symptoms of PD

A 
Arthritis
Bone pain
Nerve compression in vertebral column
Closure of ear canal in inner ear 
Deafness
47
Q

What are analyzed first in the lab to determine bine disease?

A

Minerals. If abnormal, hormones are analyzed

48
Q

What is the use of biochemical marlers of bone formation of resorption?

A 
Monitoring therapy
Selection of patients appropriate for therapy
Prediction of bone loss
Prediction of bone fracture risk 
Monitoring bone cancer
49
Q

What are the markers of bone formation?

A

PINP/PICP
ALP
Osteocalcin

50
Q

What is the most sensitive marker of bone formation?

A

PINP

51
Q

What are the markers of bone resorption?

A

NTx
CTx
DPD/PYD
TRAP/TRACP

52
Q

What market is hughly specific for bone resorption?

A

NTx

53
Q

Why should Creatine and BUn be measured with bone urinary markers?

A

Because urine markers can show fakse resukrs if kidney issues are present

54
Q

These proteins serve to stabilize collagen diring its synthesis?

A

DPDPYD

55
Q

This marker reflects osteoclasts number and activity

A

TRAP

Clinical Chem II (10 decks)

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