Bones

Question 1

What is bone?

Answer 1

1. Collective set of tissues and structures, contributing to its function e.g. bone tissue, blood vessels and nerve cartilage.

Question 2

What falls under the appendicular part of the skeleton?

Answer 2

1. Shoulder girdle (whole shoulder)
2. Whole Arm
3. Hand
4. Pelvic Girdle right down to the toes

Question 3

What is apart of the Axial skeleton?

Answer 3

1. Skull
2. Facial portion
3. Thoracic Cage (Sternum & Ribs)
4. Vertebral column

Question 4

What are the 5 different classification of bones & Examples?

Answer 4

1. Irregular bone (e.g. Vertebra
2. Flat bone (e.g. Scapula)
3. Long bone (e.g. Femur)
4. Short bone (e.g. metatarsals)
5. Sesamoid bone (floating bone) - (e.g. Patella)

Question 5

What are the function of bones?

Answer 5

1. For Support and movement
2. Organ protection e.g. Skull or Ribcage
3. Storage of lipids and Phosphorus
4. Blood cell and platelet formation (usually occurs in long bone)

Question 6

Macroscopic Bone structure (look at powerpoint too)

Answer 6

1. Proximal Epiphysis (top end of bone)
2. Spongy bone
3. Articular Cartilage (lining of bone)
4. Epiphyseal Bone (Growth plate)
5. Periosteum (lining)
6. Compact Bone (very dense)
7. Medullary cavity ( Lipid storage and fat content)
8. Diaphysis
9. Distal Epiphysis (bottom end of bone)

Question 7

Microscopic structure of COMPACT BONE

Answer 7

1. Osteoblasts (Forms new bone)
2. Osteoclasts (Clears away new bone)
3. Osteocytes (Osteoblasts that are trapped when laying down new bone)
4. Central Canal ( Haversian Canal) - This contains:
   - Veins
   - Lymphatic vessel (carries fluid and white blood cells)
   - Arteries
   - Nerves
5. Lamella (Tissue that surrounds canal)
6. Cuniculi (Communicating branches, allows for information to be transmitted)

Question 8

What is the main difference when comparing microscopic structures for COMPACT BONE and SPONGY BONE (Trabecular bone) & why?

Answer 8

1. Spongy bone does not have a Haversian Canal (Central canal).
2. This is because spongy bone have small openings on the bone which allow for blood supply and nutrition.

Question 9

Why does spongy bone have large gaps in between the bones?

Answer 9

1. The large gaps helps to save weight at the end of the bone, which helps to increase mobility.

Question 10

What are the 7 different types of fracture?

Answer 10

1. Transvers (across)
2. Linear (straight ling down)
3. Oblique non-displaced (diagonal but together)
4. Oblique displaced (moved away - or pierced)
5. Spiral (twist)
6. Green stick (cracked on side of impact)
7. Commiunted Fracture (pieces of bone)

Question 11

What is the difference between COMPOUND fracture and CLOSED fracture?

Answer 11

1. Compound fracture usually means piercing of soft tissue

2. Closed fracture means no soft tissue compromise

Question 12

What are the two types of boney healing and their meanings?

Answer 12

1. Primary healing e.g. healing by direct union - compression plates
2. Secondary healing e.g. healing by callus formation (new tissue/bone formation)

Question 13

What are the 4 stages of secondary boney healing?

Answer 13

1. Hematoma formation (inflammation)
2. Repair - Soft callus formation
   - new blood cells
3. Bony callus formation - harder bone
   - can confidently load to bone here
4. Bone remodelling

Question 14

What is Wolff’s Law?

Answer 14

1. This is about how bone is reshaped.

2. Bone will adapt to the loads under which it is placed

Question 15

Give some factors that affect fracture healing?

Answer 15

1. Diet
2. Type of bone
3. Infection
4. impact on surrounding soft tissue