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A&P 1 - Skeletal System > Bone structure and Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Bone structure and Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What is the only substance harder than bone?

A

Enamel

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2
Q

Functions of bone?

A

Support, protection, leverage, storage, blood cell formation

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3
Q

o Hormone from thyroid gland
o Prevents hypercalcemia – too high a level of calcium in the blood

A
  • Calcitonin
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4
Q

o Hormone that prevents hypocalcemia – too low a level of calcium in the blood

A
  • Parathyroid hormone
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5
Q
  • Serve as a site for blood cell formation
A

Hematopoiesis

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6
Q
  • Tiny, tightly compacted cylinders of bone
  • Runs lengthwise to the bone
  • Multilayered (laminated) cylinder composed of concentric layers of ossified bone matrix
  • Like rings on a tree
  • Osteocytes are located on the junctions between layers of bone
A

Haversian systems

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7
Q

 Surround by Haversian systems
 Contains blood vessels, lymph nodes and nerves that supply osteocytes

A

Haversian canal

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8
Q

 Tiny channels through the bone
 Allow osteocytes to contact each other and exchange nutrients
 Like slots in the jail cell doors

A

Canaliculi

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9
Q

 Hard intercellular substance where a sparse population of cells are embedded

A

Matrix

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10
Q

 Areas in the ossified matrix where osteoblasts become trapped

A

Lacunae

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11
Q
  • Membrane that covers the outer surface of bones
  • Outer layer
    o Composed of fibrous tissue
  • Inner layer
    o Contains osteoblasts
     Enables bones to increase in diameter
     Involved in the healing of bone fractures
A

Periosteum

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12
Q
  • Membrane that lines the hollow interior surfaces of bones
  • Contains osteoblasts
A

Endosteum

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13
Q

 The cells that form bone
 Secrete the matrix of bone and then supply the minerals necessary to harden it

A

Osteoblasts

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14
Q

 Osteoblasts trapped in the ossified matrix
 Always ready to revert to their former lives as osteoblasts and form new bone if an injury makes that necessary

A

Osteocytes

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15
Q

 Necessary for remodeling to take place by removing bone from where it is not needed
 Allow the body to withdraw calcium from the bones when it is needed to raise the calcium level in the blood

A

Osteoclasts

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16
Q

 Large channels where large blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves enter the bone marrow by many large bones, especially long bones
 Location is fairly predictable
 On xray, can resemble a crack type fracture of the bone cortex

A

o Nutrient foramina

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17
Q

 Tiny channels in the bone matrix that vessels pass through
 Come in at right angels to the long axis of the hone and at right angels to the Haversian canals

A

o Volkmann’s canals

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18
Q

 Most bone develops this way
 Bone grows into and replaces a cartilage model
 Body first creates a cartilage “template” that is replaced by bone

A

o Endochondral or cartilage bone formation

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19
Q

o Primary growth center (fetal growth)
o Shaft of bone

A

Diaphysis

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20
Q

o Secondary growth center
o Ends of bone

A

Epiphysis

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21
Q

o Located between the shaft (diaphysis) of the bone and the ends (epiphysis)
o Sites where the creation of new bone allows the long bones to lengthen
o Cartilage cells create new cartilage on the outside (epiphyseal surface) of the plate
o Osteoblasts replace the cartilage on the inside (diaphyseal surface)
o When the bone has reached its full size, the epiphyseal plates completely ossify (all of the cartilage is replaced by bone)

A
  • Physis (epiphyseal growth plates or growth plates)
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22
Q

o Flared transition of bone from physis (growth plates) to diaphysis

A

Metaphysis

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23
Q

 Bone develops from fibrous tissue membranes
 Occur only in certain skull bones
 Creates flat bones of the cranium

A

o Intramembranous membrane bone formation

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24
Q

 Longer than they are wide
 Most bones of the limbs
 Proximal epiphysis and distal epiphysis

A

Long bones

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25
Q

 Shaped like cubes or marshmallows
 Spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone
 Carpal and tarsal bones

A

Short bones

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26
Q

 Relatively thin and flat
 Two thin plates of compact bone separated by a layer of cancellous bone
 Skull bones and scapula

A

Flat bones

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27
Q

 Miscellaneous category
* Do not fit into long, short or flat categories
  Vertebrae, oddly shaped skull bones, sesamoid bones
* Patella is the largest sesamoid bone

A

Irregular bones

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28
Q

 Hematopoietic tissue (blood – formation)
* Forms blood cells
 Majority of bone marrow for young animals, only a small portion of marrow in older animals

A

Red bone marrow

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29
Q

 Consists primarily of adipose connective tissue
 Most common type in adult animals
 Does not produce blood cells but it can revert to red bone marrow if the body needs

A

Yellow bone marrow

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30
Q
  • Joint surfaces, smooth areas of compact bone where bones come in contact with each other to form joints
A

 Articular surfaces

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31
Q

o A smooth, thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers each articular cartilage

A
  • Articular cartilage
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32
Q

Three types of articular surfaces?

A

Condyle, head and facet

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33
Q

 Usually large and round articular surface
 Located on the distal end of the humerus and femur as well as the occipital bone of the skull

A

o Condyle

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34
Q

 Somewhat spherical articular surface
 Proximal end of the humerus, femur and ribs
 Ball and socket shoulder and hips joints

A

Head

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35
Q

 Flat articular surface
 Carpal and tarsal bones, vertebrae, long bones of radius and ulna

A

Facet

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36
Q
  • Projections on a bone where tendons attach
  • Includes all the lumps, bumps and other projections on a bone
  • The larger the feature, the more powerful the muscular pull on the area of the bone
A

Processes

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37
Q

o Hole in the bone, usually for something important like a nerve or blood vessels

A

Foramen

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38
Q

o Depressed or sunken area on the surface of the bone
o Usually occupied by muscles or tendons

A

Fossa

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39
Q
  • Most complex part of the skeleton
  • Most domestic animals 37 or 38 separate bones
A

Skull

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40
Q

o Jagged, immoveable, fibrous joints that unite most skull bones

A

Sutures

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41
Q

o Only the mandible (lower jaw) is connected to the rest of the skull with this free moving joint

A

Synovial joint in skull

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42
Q

o Portion of the skull that surrounds the brain
o 11 bones

A

Cranium

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43
Q
  • Single bone that forms the caudoventral portion or base of the skull
A

Occipital bone

44
Q

o Large hole in the center of the occipital bone where spinal cord exits the skull

A
  • Foreman magnum
45
Q

o On either side of the foreman magnum, articular surfaces that join with the first cervical vertebra called the atlas (atlantooccipital joint)

A
  • Occipital condyles
46
Q

External bones are also called?

A

Landmarks

47
Q
  • Two small bones located dorsal midline between the occipital bone and the parietal bones
  • Visible in young animals
  • In older animals they may fuse together into one bone or they may fuse to the parietal bones and become indistinguishable
A

Interparietal bones

48
Q
  • Two bones that form the dorsolateral walls of the cranium
  • Large and well developed in dogs, cats and humans
  • Relatively small in horses and cattle
A

Parietal bones

49
Q
  • Two bones located below (ventral) to the parietal bones
  • Form the lateral walls of the cranium
  • Contains the middle and inner ear structures
A

Temporal bones

50
Q

o Formed by skull bones, joint between the mandible and the cranium

A
  • Poromandibular joints (TMJs)
51
Q

o The only ear structure that is visible from the outside
o Bony canal that leads into the middle and inner ear cavities

A
  • External acoustic meatus
52
Q
  • Form the forehead region of the skull
  • Form the rostrolateral portion of the cranium and a portion of the orbit
    o Concave socket that holds the eye
A

Frontal bones

53
Q

o In horned breeds of cattle, the cornual process of the frontal bone is the horn core around which the horn develops
o Process is hollow and communicates with the frontal sinus

A
  • Frontal sinus (paranasal sinus)
54
Q

Another name for internal bones?

A

Hidden bones

55
Q
  • Single bone forms the ventral part (bottom) of the cranium
  • Pituitary fossa
    o Houses the pituitary gland
  • Just rostral to the occipital bone
  • Look like a bat with its wings and legs expanded
A

 Sphenoid bone

56
Q
  • Single bone located just rostral to (in front of) the sphenoid bone
  • Cribriform plate
    o Where many branches of the olfactory (sense of smell) nerve pass from the upper portion of the nasal cavity to the olfactory bulbs of the brain
A

 Ethmoid bone

57
Q

 Group of three ear bones, hidden in middle ear

A

Ossicles

58
Q

What are the three bones in the ear?

A

Malleus, incus and stapes

59
Q

o The bones in the ear transmit vibrations from what, across the middle ear cavity to an inner ear structure called the what?

A

tympanic membrane (ear drum) and cochlea

60
Q

 In the cochlea, receptor cells for hearing convert the vibrations to nerve impulses that are interpreted by what as sound

A

The brain

61
Q
  • Two bones that are the most rostral
  • Sometimes called the premaxillary bones
  • House the upper incisor teeth
A

Incisive bones

62
Q
  • Two bones form the bridge of the nose
  • Doral or upper part of the nasal cavity
A

Nasal bones

63
Q

Long faced animals

A

o Dolichocephalic

64
Q

Short faced animals

A

o Brachycephalic

65
Q
  • Two bones make up most of the upper jaw
  • House the upper canine teeth and all upper cheek teeth (premolars and molars
  • Form the hard pallet (roof of the mouth)
A

Maxillary bones

66
Q
  • Two smalls bones that form part of the medial portion of the orbit of the eye
  • Houses the part of the tear drainage system of the eye
A

 Lacrimal bones

67
Q
  • Two bones known as the malar bones
  • Form a portion of the orbit of the eye and join with a process from the temporal bones to form the _____ arches
A

 Zygomatic bones

68
Q

Easily palpable,
o Bony landmarks below and behind the eyes

A

zygomatic arches

69
Q
  • Lower jaw
  • Houses all the lower teeth
  • Is the only moveable skull bone
  • Forms the TMJ with the temporal bone
A

Mandible

70
Q

o Cartilaginous joint where the two sides of the mandible are separated at their rostral (front) ends

A
  • Mandibular symphysis
71
Q

o Horizontal portion of the mandible that houses all of the teeth

A

Shaft of the mandible

72
Q

vertical portion of mandible

A

Ramus of the mandible

73
Q
  • Two bones that make up the caudal portion of the hard pallet (roof of mouth)
A

Palatine bones

74
Q
  • Two small bones that support part of the lateral walls of the pharynx (throat)
A

 Pterygoid bones

75
Q
  • Single bone located on the midline of the skull and forms part of the nasal septum
A

Vomer bone

76
Q

central “wall” between the left and right nasal passages

A

Nasal septum

77
Q
  • Four thin, scroll like bones that fill most of the space in the nasal cavity
  • Each side has a dorsal and ventral turbinate, covered by the moist, very vascular soft tissue lining
  • Force in air inhaled by the nose
    o Helps warm, humidify and trap any tiny particles in air
A

 Turbinates (nasal conchae)

78
Q
  • U shaped structure
  • Supports the base of the tongue, the pharynx and the larynx – helps the animal swallow
  • Composed of several individual portions united by cartilage
  • Attached to the temporal bone by two small rods of cartilage
A

Hypoid bone (hypoid apparatus)

79
Q

o A series of individual irregular bones that make up the spinal column
o Extend from the skull to the tip of the tail
o Consists of a body, an arch (neural arch) and a group of processes

A
  • Vertebrae (singular, vertebra)
80
Q
  • Separates the bodies of adjacent vertebrae
A

 Intervertebral discs (body)

81
Q
  • Long flexible tunnel formed when all arches of all the vertebrae line up
  • Houses and protects the spinal cord
A

Spinal canal (arches)

82
Q

o Single, dorsally projecting process

A
  • Spinous process
83
Q

o Two laterally projecting processes, vary in size among vertebrae

A
  • Transverse process
84
Q

o Process located on the cranial and caudal ends of the vertebral arches
 Help form the joints between adjacent vertebrae

A
  • Articular process
85
Q

Cranial portion of verterbrea

A

Cervical (neck) verterbrea

86
Q

C1, “holds up” the head

A

Atlas

87
Q

C2 vertibrea

A

Axis

88
Q

 Located dorsal to the thorax
 Numbers vary among species and can even vary within a species
 Same number as pairs of ribs
 Tall, spinous processes and their lateral articular facets form joints with the heads of the ribs

A

Thoracic (chest) verterbrea

89
Q

 Dorsal to the abdomen region
 Number varies amount species and within a species
 Most massive looking bones in the spinal column
* Bodies are large and bulky to support all of the weight from abdominal organs

A

o Lumbar (abdomen) verterbrea

90
Q

 Fused to form a single, solid structure
* Number of vertebrae fused varies among species
* Located dorsal to the pelvis region

A

o Sacral (pelvis) verterbrea

91
Q

 Joint between sacrum and the pelvis on each side

A

o Sacroiliac joint

92
Q

 Bones of the tail
 Number varies greatly between species and within species
 Appearance varies, even within an individual animal

A

o Coccygeal (tail) vertebrea

93
Q
  • The single bone in humans formed from fused coccygeal vertebrae
A

 Coccyx (tailbone)

94
Q
  • Flat bones that form the lateral walls of the thorax
  • Number of pairs of ribs equals the number of thoracic vertebrae
  • At their dorsal ends, the heads of ribs form joints with the thoracic vertebrae
    o Help the process of ventilation
  • Ventral ends are more variable
A

Ribs

95
Q

End of rib made of bone

A

Dorsal

96
Q

End of rib made of cartilage

A

Ventral

97
Q

o Cartilage part of rib

A

Costal cartilage

98
Q

o Junction between the costal cartilage and the bony part of the rib

A
  • Costochondral junction
99
Q

o Ribs whose cartilages join the sternum

A
  • Sternal ribs
100
Q

o Ribs that join the costal cartilage

A
  • Asternal ribs
101
Q

o Unattached ribs at bottom of rib cage

A
  • Floating ribs
102
Q
  • Forms the floor of the thorax
A

 Sternum (breastbone)

103
Q

o Series of rodlike bones that make up the sternum

A
  • Sternebrae
104
Q

 First, most cranial sternebrae

A

o Manubrium (manubrium sterni)

105
Q

 Last, most caudal sternebrae

A

o Xiphoid (xiphoid process)

106
Q
  • Extends caudally from the xiphoid process
A

 Xiphoid cartilage

A&P 1 - Skeletal System (2 decks)

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