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A&P 1 - Skeletal System > Appendicular Skeleton > Flashcards

Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

o Bones of the limbs

A

Appendicular skeleton

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2
Q
  • Limb that has no direct, bony connection with the axial skeleton
A

Thoracic limb (front leg)

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3
Q

 Attaches to the humerus
 Flat, somewhat triangular bone
 Forms the socket portion of the ball and socket shoulder joint

A

Scapula

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4
Q
  • Prominent, longitudinal ridge on lateral surface of the scapula
A

Spine of scapula

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5
Q

o Fairly shallow, concave articular surface on scapula

A
  • Glenoid cavity
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6
Q

 Long bone of the upper arm (brachium)

A

Humerus

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7
Q
  • Proximal end, ball portion of the ball and socket shoulder joint
A

Head of the humerus

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8
Q
  • Large process at proximal end of humerus where powerful shoulder muscles attach
A

Tubercles

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9
Q
  • Extends down to the distal end that forms the elbow joint with the radius and ulna
A

Shaft of humerus

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10
Q
  • Distal articular surfaces of the humerus
A

Condyle

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11
Q

 Medial articular surface, articulates the ulna

A

Trochlea

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12
Q

 Lateral articular surface, articulates the radius

A

Capitulum

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13
Q
  • Just above the condyle on the humerus, deep indentation on the back side of the humerus
A

 Olecranon fossa

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14
Q
  • Nonarticular “knobs” on the medial and lateral surfaces of the humerus condyle
A

 Medial and lateral epicondyle

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15
Q

 One of two bones of the forearm
 Distal end meets at lateral side, longer than radius

A

o Ulna

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16
Q

o The ulna and radius

A

Antebrachium

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17
Q

o Forms the point of the elbow

A

Olecranon process

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18
Q

half moon shaped, concave articular surface that wraps around part of the humeral condyle to help make the elbow joint a tight, secure joint

A

 Trochlear notch

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19
Q

o The distal end of the ulna
o Articulates with the carpus

A
  • Styloid process
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20
Q

 The main weight bearing bone of the antebrachium
 Distal end meets at medial side
 Has facets that articulate with the proximal end of the ulna
 Meets with the distal end of the humerus

A

o Radius

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21
Q

In horses, one large metacarpal bone that supports their weight in each leg

A

o Cannon bone

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22
Q

 Extend distally from the distal row of carpal bones to the proximal phalanges of the digits
 Numbered from medial to lateral

A

o Metacarpal bones

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23
Q

In horses, two smaller vestigial metacarpal bones

A

o Splint bones

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24
Q

What species,
* Walk on two toes
* Have two metacarpal bones, bones III and IV, but these are fused into a single bone

A

Cattle

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25
Q

In humans, the wrist but in horses referred to as the knee

A

Carpus

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26
Q

individual bones that make up the digits

A

Phalanges

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27
Q

What species have one digit on each limb, composed of three phalanges and three sesamoid bones – named based on their position
* Digit also contains sesamoid bones

A

Horses

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28
Q

long pastern bone

A

Proximal phalanx

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29
Q

short pastern bone

A

Middle phalanx

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30
Q

Coffin bone

A

distal phalanx

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31
Q

o In horses, located behind the joint between the large metacarpal bone the proximal phalanax in the large digital flexor tendons

A

two proximal sesamoid bones, Fetlock joint

32
Q

 In horses, located deep in the hoof behind the joint between the middle and distal phalanges where the digital flexor tendon attaches to the distal phalanx

A

o Distal sesamoid bone – navicular bone

33
Q

What species:
Third and fourth support body weight
o Second and first are vestiges (remnants of evolution)
 Dewclaws
o Each digit has a proximal, middle and distal phalanx as well as two proximal sesamoid bones and one distal sesamoid bone

A

Cattle

34
Q
  • Directly connected to the axial skeleton through the sacroiliac joint
A

Pelvic limb (hind leg)

35
Q

 Has three separate bones on each side that eventually fuse into a solid structure

A

Pelvis

36
Q
  • Cartilaginous joint that joins the two halves of the pelvis ventrally
A

Pelvic symphysis

37
Q
  • The cranial most bone of the pelvis
  • Forms the sacroiliac joints with the sacrum
  • Smooth “wing” projects forward
A

Ilium

38
Q
  • Forms caudal part of pelvic floor
A

Ischium

39
Q

o The main, rear projecting process of the ischium

A
  • Ischial tuberosity
40
Q
  • The smallest of the three pelvic bones
  • Located medially and forms the cranial portion of the pelvic floor
A

Pubis

41
Q
  • Where the three bones that make up each side of the pelvis come together at the socket portion of the ball and socket hip joint in a concave area
    o Deep socket that tightly encloses the head of the femur
A

Acetabulum

42
Q
  • Two large holes on either side of the pelvic symphysis
  • Primary function is to lighten the pelvis
  • Only a few small blood vessels and nerves pass through
A

 Obturator foramina

43
Q

 Long bone of the thigh

A

Femur

44
Q
  • Ball portion of the ball and socket hip joint on the proximal end
  • Smaller and more spherical
  • Normally fits very deeply and securely into the acetabulum of the pelvis
A

Head of femur

45
Q
  • Large processes opposite the head, on the proximal end of the femur
  • Where hips and thigh muscles attach
A

Trochanters

46
Q
  • Joint formed at distal end of femur
  • Shaft of femur is straight
  • Medial and lateral condyles articulate with the condyles on the proximal end of the tibia
  • Two epicondyles don’t articulate with anything
A

Stifle joint

47
Q
  • Smooth articular groove in which the patella rides
A

Trochlea

48
Q

 Largest sesamoid bone in the body
 Formed in the distal tendon of the large quadriceps femoris muscle
 Helps protect the tendon as it passes down over the trochlea of the femur to insert on the tibial crest

A

Patella (knee cap)

49
Q

 Two small sesamoid bones located in the gastrocnemius (calf muscle) tendons
 Not present in cattle or horses

A

Fabellae

50
Q

 Main weight bearing bone of the lower pelvic limb.

A

Tibia (shin bone)

51
Q
  • Formed from the tibia with the tarsus below it
A

Hock

52
Q
  • Proximal and cranial edge of tibia
  • Patellar ligament attaches here
A

Tibial Tuberosity

53
Q

 Ridge that continues distally on tibia

A

Tibial crest

54
Q
  • Palpable process at the distal articular surface of the tibia
    o “Knob” on the medial side of our ankle at the distal end of our tibia
A

Medial malleolus

55
Q

 Thin but complete bone in the lower leg
 Mainly serves as a muscle attachment site
Lateral side of leg
 In horses and cattle, only the proximal and distal ends are present – the shaft is not

A

Fibula

56
Q
  • Lateral knob of our ankle
A

 Lateral malleolus

57
Q

ankle in humans

A

tarsus

58
Q

Tarsal bones in four legged animals

A

Hock

59
Q

 Projects upward and backward to form the point of the hock

A

o Calcaneal tuberosity

60
Q

Bone in heart of cattle and sheep

A

OS cordis

61
Q

o Bones formed in soft organs

A

Visceral skeleton

62
Q

Bone in nose of swine

A

OS rostri

63
Q

o Junctions between bones

A

Joints

64
Q
  • Immoveable joint
  • Sutures that unite most of the skull bones
  • Union of the splint bones of horses with the metacarpal and metatarsal bones
A

 Fibrous joints or synarthroses

65
Q
  • Slightly moveable, slight rocking movement joint
  • Intervertebral joints (containing the discs) between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae
  • Symphyses between the two halves of the pelvis
  • Between two sides of the mandible
A

 Cartilaginous joints or amphiarthroses

66
Q

Freely moveable joint

A

 Synovial joints or diarthroses

67
Q

 Lining layer of the joint capsule
 Produces fluid that lubricates the joint surfaces

A

Synovial membrane

68
Q
  • Band of fibrous connective tissue that help stabilize the bones and hold the joint together
  • Join bone to bone
A

Ligaments

69
Q

o Decreases the angle between two bones

A

Flexion

70
Q

o Increases the angle between two bones

A

Extension

71
Q

o Movement toward the midline

A

Adduction

72
Q

o Movement away from the midline

A

Abduction

73
Q

o Twisting movement of a part on its own axis

A

Rotation

74
Q

o Distal ends of an extremity moves in a circle

A

Circumduction

75
Q

o One joint surface swivels around another
o Only movements possible are flexion and extension
o Examples: elbow joint and atlantooccipital joint between the occipital bone in the skull and the first cervical vertebra

A
  • Hinge or Ginglymus joints
76
Q

o Joint surfaces are relatively flat
o Main movements possible are flexion and extension but some abduction and adduction are also possible
o Carpus (wrist)

A
  • Gliding or arthrodial joints or rocking joints
77
Q

o One bone _____ or rotates on another
o The only movement possible is rotation
o Only one true _______ joint found in the body – between the first and second cervical vertebrae, the atlantoaxial joint
 Aka the “no” joint because it allows us to shake our head no

A
  • Pivot or trochoid joints

A&P 1 - Skeletal System (2 decks)

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