Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Veterinary Year 3 > Bone Path > Flashcards

Bone Path Flashcards

1
Q

What is achondroplasia

A

absence of cartilage development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is chondroplasia

A

disordered cartilage development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is brachycephalia

A

shortening of the head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is brachygnathia

A

shortening of the jaw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is palatoschisis

A

cleft palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is prognathia

A

abnormal projection of the jaw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is kyphosis

A

abnormal dorsal curvatiure of the spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is lordosis

A

abnormal ventral curvature of the spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is scolliosis

A

lateral deviation of the spinal collum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is amelia

A

absence of one or more limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is hemimelia

A

absence of the distall half of the limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is micromelia

A

presence of abnormally small limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is peromelia

A

congenital deformity and shortening of the limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is phocomelia

A

absence of proximal part of one or more limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is adactyly

A

absence of the digit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is dactylomegaly

A

abnormally large digits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is ectdactyly

A

partial or complete absence of a digit

18
Q

what is polydactyly

A

supernumerary digits

19
Q

what is polypodia

A

supernumerary feet

20
Q

what is syndactyly

A

fusion of digits

21
Q

what is diprosopus

A

incomplete duplication of the head

22
Q

what is dicephalus

A

duplication of the head

23
Q

what is cyclopia

A

presence of a single orbit and eye

24
Q

what is spinabifida

A

defective closure of the dorsal vertebral laminae in a segment of the spinal column

25
Q

what is perosomus elumbus

A

agenesis of the lumbosacral spinal cord and vertebrae

26
Q

what are block vertebrae

A

improper segmentation of the somites in the embryo causing partial or complete fusion of adjacent vertebrae

27
Q

what is the axial skeleton

A

includes the head, ribs, vertebrae and sternum

28
Q

what is the appendicular skeleton

A

the bones of the thoracic and pelvic limbs

29
Q

what is bone derived from?

A

mesenchyme

30
Q

what type of ossification forms flat bones

A

intramembranous
calcium is deposited around the extracellular matrix leading to the formation of trabeculae
the initial fibrous membrane becomes periosteum and spaces between the trabeculae are filled with bone marrow

31
Q

What type of ossification forms long bones

A

endochondrial ossification
replacement of cartilage with bone
osteoblasts form compact bone at the diaphysis
the central cartilage cells enlarge and burst which when calcified become the marrow cavity

32
Q

What are osteoblasts

A

form osteoid for bone deposition
plump, cuboidal, basophilic cells when active
flattened and lining the bone surface when inactive

33
Q

what are Osteocytes

A

osteoblasts which have lost their ability to produce osteoid, they reside in the bone matrix in lacunae

34
Q

what are osteoclasts

A

responsible for bone resorption

are large, multinucleated cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm which sit on the bone surface with a ruffled brush border

35
Q

what are the two types of bone

A

lamellar (layered bone) which has 2 types:

  • spongy/ trabecular bone has large spaces filled with marrow, found in flat bones and at the epiphyses of long bones
  • compact bone has few spaces and is seen at the diaphysis of long bones over a layer of trabecular bone

woven bone is newly formed bone with a disorganised arrangement and is yet to be organised into lamellar bone

36
Q

Describe the process of bone reabsorption

A

the osteoclasts create an acidic environment on the bone surface
hydrogen and bicarbonate are produced using water and carbon dioxide via carbonic anhydrase
hydrogen ions are actively pumped out onto the surface of the bone, this acidity induces demineralisation

37
Q

How long does osteoid take to mineralise

A

5-10 days, is more eosinophilic than mineralised osteoid

38
Q

How is bone deposition and reabsorption regulated

A

parathyroid hormone activates osteoclasts
calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts
vitamin D3 stimulates osteoclastic activity

39
Q

How does the bone respond to injury

A
  • growth arrest lines - transverse calcified structures which lie parallel to the growth plate
  • Growth retardation lattice - persistence of non-properly formed areas of ossification at the growth plate and persistence of non-mineralised cartilage
  • woven bone seen at sight of fractures
  • resting lines - longitudinal, straight basophilic line
  • reversal lines - scalloped lines show edges of past osteoclast resorption
40
Q

Describe the features of bone growth

A
  • endochodrial ossification occurs at growth plates where chondrocytes proliferate, enlarge and create a trabecular network which is then calcified. Osteoclasts and blasts then move in to remodel
  • intramembranous ossification occurs in condensed mesenchymal tissue

Veterinary Year 3 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions