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Nutrient Metabolism > Bone Metabolism > Flashcards

Bone Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What type of bone is most susceptible to Osteoporosis? Why?

A

Trabecular; turn over quicker (break down/rebuild cycle); With age, build up cannot keep up with break down

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2
Q

Which bones are Trabecular bones

A

Hips, feet, hands, elbows, vertebrae, wrists

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3
Q

What is the function of Osteoblasts

A

Bone formation

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4
Q

What is the function of Osteoclasts

A

Break down bones

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5
Q

What is the function of Calcitonin

A

Lowers blood Calcium by opposing PTH, inhibiting Osteoclast activity and increasing Calcium secretion in urine

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6
Q

What is the function of Osteocalcin

A

Attracts Calcium to be deposited into bones; secreted by Osteoblasts

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7
Q

What is the function of Glucocortids in Bone Metabolism

A

Reduce Calcium absorption & Osteoblast activity; anti-inflammatory steroids

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8
Q

What secretes Osteocalcin

A

Osteoblasts

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9
Q

What are Glucocortids

A

Anti-inflammatory steroids; long-term exposure can lead to Osteomalacia or growth failure in children

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10
Q

What is the function of Thyroid Hormone in Bone Metabolism

A

Increase bone resorption

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11
Q

What is the function of Growth Hormone in Bone Metabolism

A

Stimulate Calcium deposition into bones

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12
Q

What is the function of Estrogen in Bone Metabolism

A

Inhibits Osteoclast activity when bound to bones

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13
Q

What secretes Calcitonin

A

Thyroid

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14
Q

What activates Bone Turnover Cycle

A

Osteoclasts secrete lysosymes to breakdown (dissolve) calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) in bones; also secrete collagenase to dissolve protein backbone; “Cement of bones”; bone resorption

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15
Q

How long does osteoclast activity last in Bone Turnover Cycle

A

10-20 days

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16
Q

What is the next step in the Bone Turnover Cycle after Osteoclast activity (Step 2)

A

Osteoblasts deposit minerals; bone formation

17
Q

How long does osteoblast activity last in the Bone Turnover Cycle

A

3-6 months

18
Q

What is the next step in the Bone Turnover Cycle after Osteoblast activity (Step 3)

A

Resting phase

19
Q

How long does the resting phase last in the Bone Turnover Cycle

A

months-years before resorption begins again

20
Q

What are markers of bone formation (in the blood)

A

Osteocalcin, Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, Procollagen peptides

21
Q

What are markers of bone resorption (in the urine)

A

Hydroxyproline, Hydroxylsine glycosides, Pyridinium crosslinks

22
Q

What does high Osteocalcin in the blood indicate

A

Bone formation

23
Q

What does Hydroxyproline in the urine indicate

A

Bone resorption (collagen breakdown)

24
Q

When does Osteoporosis occur

A

When there is more bone break down than build up

25
Q

What are the health concerns with Osteoporosis

A

Increased risk of breaking bones; potentially effect blood Calcium and other Calcium functions; hunching could effect lung capacity, increasing pneumonia risk

26
Q

What is the concern with bone breaking in Osteoporosis patients

A

Bone healing takes a long time, decreases quality of life, muscle atrophy, decreases mortality

27
Q

At what stage do the size of bones stop growing

A

Puberty

28
Q

At what stage does the density of bones stop building (peak bone mass)

A

Age 30

29
Q

Why is fracture threshold higher in women

A

Bone mass lower to begin with, experience steeper decline rate

30
Q

How does smoking effect bones

A

Encourages osteoclasts

31
Q

How can osteoblasts be stimulated

A

Pressure - weight training/exercise

32
Q

What is BMD compared with for measuring Osteoporosis during DXA testing

A

Compare current measurement with someone younger, same gender for osteoporosis diagnosis; Within age, gender and ethnicity group also measured

33
Q

Osteoporosis vs Osteomalacia

A

Remodeling imbalance;more breakdown than buildup vs Remineralization low;supply problem (VitD or Calcium;intake or kidney/liver function impaired)

34
Q

What is similar between Osteoporosis and Osteomalacia

A

Low bone mineral density (BMD)

35
Q

What can be tested to differentiate between Osteoporosis and Osteomalacia

A

Dietary intake, serum Hydroxyprolene, serum VitD, PTH levels

Nutrient Metabolism (7 decks)

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