Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Musculoskeletal Physiopathology > Bone Development and CT > Flashcards

Bone Development and CT Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary functions of bone tissue?

A
  • Structure
  • Locomotion
  • Protection
  • Calcium homeostasis
  • Hematopoietic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the name for the shaft of a long bone?

A

Diaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is physis?

A

A growth plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the name for the secondary ossification center on the non-weight bearing part of a long bone?

A

Apophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some examples of apophyses?

A

Trochanters, tuberosities, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where is the metaphysis of a long bone?

A

Next to the most metabolically active part of the bone, between diaphysis and epiphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the name of the expanded end of a long bone?

A

Epiphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where is cortical bone found?

A

The outer shell of the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is trabecular bone?

A

Thin bone/cancellous bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the name of the less dense center of a long bone?

A

Medullary cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where does bone pain come from? Why?

A

Pain comes from periosteum because it is innervated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When a physis fuses, what is left behind on the bone?

A

Physeal scar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What percentage of bone composition is made up of cells?

A

About 10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are four cells found in bone?

A
  • Osteoprogenitor cells
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteoclasts
  • Osteocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What percentage of bone is organic?

A

About 30%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the primary organic component in bone tissue?

A

Type I collagen (about 88%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of type I collagen in bone?

A

Resists tensile forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Osteocalcin is a byproduct of…

A

osteoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of osteopontin and sialoprotein?

A

Anchor cells to matrix, work to adhere things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the organic components of bone?

A
  • Type I collagen
  • Osteocalcin
  • Osteopontin and sialoprotein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of the organic components of bone?

A
  • Contribute to tensile strength
  • Make bone more elastically and/or plastically responsive to stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What constitutes the inorganic component of bone tissue?

A
  • Hydroxyapatite: Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
  • Carbonate, citrate, flouride, chloride, sodium, magnesium, potassium, and strontium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of the inorganic components of bone?

A
  • Contributes to rigidity of bone tissue
  • Lends compressive strength to bone tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do osteoprogenitor cells develop into?

A

Osteocytes or osteoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where are osteoprogenitor cells found?

A

Bone marrow and periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is produced by osteoblasts?

A
  • Produces and mineralizes bone tissue
  • Alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin
  • Several growth factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What growth factors are produced by osteoblasts?

A
  • IL-1
  • FGF
  • IGF-1
  • IGF-2
    (and others)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

Controls the differentiation and maturation of osteoclasts (production of RANKL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Multi-nucleated cells in the monocyte/macrophage cell family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

A

Bone resorption using lysosomes and hydrolytic enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What substances increase osteoclastogenesis?

A

Rank and RankL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the ratio of organic to inorganic bone components in children?

A

1:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the ratio of organic to inorganic bone components in adults?

A

1:4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the ratio of organic to inorganic bone components in elderly?

A

1:7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How do changes in organic to inorganic components affect the properties of bone?

A

Decreased elasticity over time

36
Q

A greater relative organic component produces…

A

increased elasticity and plasticity in response to stress

37
Q

Where is the para-physiological space in the stress/strain curve?

A

Elastic region

38
Q

Where does permanent deformity occur in the stress/strain curve?

A

Plastic region

39
Q

When does failure/fracture occur in the stress/strain curve?

A

After the plastic region

40
Q

Which type of bone is most responsible for preventing fractures?

A

Trabecular/spongy bone

41
Q

How does cortical/compact bone present in a stress/strain curve?

A

High stress with little strain percentage

42
Q

Does bone have more tensile or compressive strength?

A

More compressive strength than tensile

43
Q

Unmineralized bone is called…

A

osteiod

44
Q

Compact and spongy bone are both ___ bone

A

lamellar (layered)

45
Q

What are three types of compact bone?

A
  • Circumferential bone
  • Concentric lamellar bone
  • Interstitial lamellar bone
46
Q

What is the histology and nature of woven bone?

A
  • Irregular arrangement of type I collagen fibers
  • Many osteocytes of different size and shape
  • Deposits rapidly
  • Low tensile strength
  • Response to stress in adults
47
Q

___ gives rise to bone

A

Mesenchymal condensation

48
Q

In what two ways does mesenchymal condensation give rise to bone?

A
  • Intramembranous ossification
  • Endochondral ossification
49
Q

During intramembranous ossification, how does mesenchyme give rise to bone?

A

Direct transition from mesenchyme to bone
Grows via accretion, outward from a primary center of ossification (adding bone to the surface and edges)

50
Q

The closure of the fontanels is an example of what type of ossification?

A

Intramembranous ossification

51
Q

During endochondral ossification, how does mesenchyme give rise to bone?

A

A cartilage model forms from mesenchyme, then is ossified

52
Q

When do physes close?

A

Toward the end of puberty, varies by joint

53
Q

How does the growth plate close in endochondral ossification?

A

Rate of ossification exceeds epiphyseal cartilage proliferation

54
Q

When do females’ bones stop growing in comparison to males’?

A

About 3 years earlier in females than males

55
Q

What is bone modeling?

A

The process of original bone development

56
Q

What is bone remodeling?

A

The continual process of bone turnover

57
Q

What theory guides bone remodeling?

A

Wolff’s Law:
Increased compressive forces = increased deposition
Decreased compressive forces/increased tensile forces = resorption

58
Q

What are the requirements for remodeling bone?

A
  • Maintain an equilibrium of calcium and other metabolites in blood and bone
  • Viable blood supply to oxygenate bone cells
  • Stress, pressure, or load on the bone
59
Q

Without loading stresses, osteoclastic activity ___ and osteoblastic activity ___

A

osteoclastic activity increases and osteoblastic activity decreases

60
Q

According to Wolff’s Law, bone will be deposited in areas of ___ forces

A

compressive

61
Q

Which cells initiate bone remodeling?

A

Osteoclasts

62
Q

Unmineralized bone tissue is called…

A

osteoid

63
Q

During endochondral ossification, what step is required for ossification of cartilage to occur?

A

Vascularization

64
Q

Collagen comprises ___ of all mammalian protein

A

25%

65
Q

Which organs contain collagen?

A

Nearly all organs

66
Q

What is the function of collagen in organs?

A
  • Holds cells together
  • Gives tissue structural integrity
67
Q

Collagen is a major fibrous element in…

A
  • Bone
  • Skin
  • Teeth
  • Tendons
  • Cartilage
  • Blood vessels
67
Q

What are the types of collagen and where are they found?

A
  • Type I - bone
  • Type II - cartilage
  • Type III - reticular (skin, muscles, blood vessels, along with type I)
  • Type IV - basement membrane
68
Q

What cells produce collagen?

A

All cells of the fibroblast family:

  • bone cells (osteoblast/osteocyte)
  • cartilage cells (chondrocyte)
  • fat cells (adipocyte)
  • smooth muscle cells
69
Q

Fibroblasts are derivative of…

A

mesoderm

70
Q

How are fibroblasts classified?

A

Staining, morphology, and function

71
Q

What is the least specialized cell in the body?

A

Fibroblasts, the most versatile of connective tissue cells, able to differentiate into others

72
Q

Which components of the extracellular matrix are secreted by fibroblasts?

A
  • Collagen
  • Proteoglycans
  • Elastin
  • Fibronectin and other structural proteins
73
Q

What is the name for inactive fibroblasts?

A

Fibrocytes

74
Q

Describe intracellular collagen synthesis

A
  • Amino acid synthesis –>
  • Alpha chain formation –>
  • Procollagen formation
75
Q

Describe extracellular collagen synthesis

A
  • Tropocollagen formation –>
  • Organization and mature collagen arrangement
76
Q

What are some possible signs/symptoms a patient may have if they suffer from a collagen synthesis disorder?

A
  • Ligamentous laxity
  • Joint hypermobility
  • Vessel fragility
  • Compromise of bone structural integrity
  • Tooth loss/developmental issues
77
Q

What are signs that a collagen synthesis disorder is causing vessel fragility?

A

Bleeding and/or bruising

78
Q

The signs/symptoms of collagen synthesis disorders and their severity depends on…

A

where the disruption/problem occurs in collagen synthesis

79
Q

Many will have a ___ etiology that will lead to disruption of normal collagen synthesis

A

genetic

80
Q

What is Ehler’s-Danlos?

A

“Rubber band syndrome”
Problem with procollagen peptidase (inability to cleave off terminal extensions)
This is a contraindication to manipulation

81
Q

What is Marfan’s syndrome?

A

Hereditary issue affecting cross-linking in collagen synthesis
Not an adjusting candidate

82
Q

What is osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

Messenger RNA transcription deletion error

83
Q

What are some genetic etiologies of collagen synthesis disorders?
Which of these are more common?

A

Ehlers-Danlos and Marfan’s syndrome are very common
A less common etiology is osteogenesis imperfecta

84
Q

What is an example of an environmental etiology of collagen synthesis disorders?

A

Scurvy: hydroxylation step interrupted

Musculoskeletal Physiopathology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions