Bone, cartilage and Joints Lectures Flashcards
Describe the functions of bone
as a support for the mechanical function of
joints and muscles, and as a reservoir for minerals.
Describe the development of bone as the result of??
endochondral (long
bones) or intramembranous (flat bones) ossification.
Recognise that bone forms the supporting tissue for??
haemopoiesis.
Recognise that bone is comprised of??
trabecular and cortical elements.
Describe the composition of bone?
being principally made of type I
collagen, along with some non-collagenous proteins that is mineralised
by deposition of hydroxyapatite.
Recognise that bone undergoes a continuous process of?
Renewal
dentify the main cells responsible for bone remodelling
osteoclasts (bone
resorbing cells) and osteoblasts (bone forming cells).
Recognise that osteocytes are derived from
differentiation of osteoblasts
and are responsible for sensing the effects
Recognise that osteoclasts are derived from the
haemopoietic lineage,
osteoblastsare derived from the mesenchymal lineage.
Describe the classification of cartilage and provide examples for each type of
cartilage.
- Hyaline (most common type incl. articular cartilage) Found in articular, costal & nasal c., also in larynx, trachea, bronchi & epiphyseal growth plates
Chem. composition of matrix different between these
Glassy appearance
Weakest type of cartilage - Elastic (e.g. in the external ear)Found in external ear, larynx & epiglottis (helps to maintain their shape) Flexible & resilient
Contains elastic as well as collagen fibres - Fibrocartilage (e.g. intervertebral discs) Found in joint capsules, ligaments, tendon insertions & intervertebral discs. Alternating layers of hyaline cartilage matrix and dense bundles of collagen fibres. Strongest type of cartilage
Identify and describe histological images of the different types of cartilage.
Hyaline = white dots and purple dots (chondrodrocytes in lacunae) far apart with a smooth looking background (matrix). Dots are stacked
Elastic = white dots with pink specks in corners with red lines around the background (elastic fibres in matrix)
Fibrocartilage = Looks kinda like uncooked steak, the large sections that are sort of circular are chondrocytes in lacuna, and the lines are collagen fibers in the matrix
Describe the principal features of a) fibrous joints, b) cartilaginous joints, and
c)synovial joints and name and example of each joint type.
Fibrous joints - Dense fibrous, connective tissue, High tensile strength, Little movement in adults e.x. Cranial sutures (between skull bones)
Cartilaginous joints - Layers of cartilage, Two types: Synchondroses (primary)
Symphyses (secondary), Primary cartilaginous allow for bone growth (endochondral ossification)
Disappear in adults, No movement (at the ends of long bones e.g. femur) Secondary, do not ossify with age
Found in midline of body Limited movement (between vertebrae)
Synovial joints - Greatest movement
Common features are cartilage, capsule, membrane and cavity.
May also contain:
Articular discs
Ligaments, e.g. knee. Synovial joints include hinge, pivot, saddle, condylar, plane and ball+socket
Briefly explain the concept of joint stability.
Have to do with the shape of articulating surfaces, joints are typically stabilised with a fibrous capsule and ligaments as well as muscles (e.g. shoulders)
Briefly describe the blood and nerve supply to joints.
Joints have a rich blood & nerve supply
Common around joints: anastomoses (to connect two organs, blood vessels, or body spaces in a medical operation, or to become connected in this way)
Proprioception (otherwise known as kinesthesia, is your body’s ability to sense movement, action, and location.)
Hilton’s law: The nerve supplying a muscle that crosses a certain joint, also innervates this joint.
Identify and describe histological images of the different types of bone.
Osteoclasts - ruffeled border on image. Large blobs
Osteoblasts - small balls around the iutside of the pink stuff look like little spots on the surface
Osteocytes - little free floating blobs
Osteoids - almost membrane around the outside of the bone.
Epiphyseal - section of calcified bone (growth plate), looks sandwiched between porous bone sections
Hard bone - looks just blank
