Bone cancer, reproductive Flashcards
What does a radiograph, radioisotope bone scan, and cat scan do?
Radiograph: mos general, malignant vs benign
Radioisotope bone scan: localizes the extent of bone damage
Cat scan: Provides tumor staging data (metastasis)
What do MRI’s, positive emission tests (PET), and biopsies do?
MRI: most accurate for defining a bone tumor
PET: high metabolic rate of tumor: radioactive glucose
Biopsy: definitive diagnosis cause tissue sample. Fine and core samples via needle. Surgical bone: open removal of total tumor or sample
This is a tumor of the cartilage tissue.
Chondrosarcoma. Dull pain/swelling for a long time. Usually in the pelvis and proximal end of the femur. Prognosis is reasonable.
Most common of the malignant type bone tumors.
Osteosarcoma. Distal femure. Metastasis to the lungs. Mortality is about 2 years.
Specific things to consider for reproductive issues?
Menstrual and OB history, STDs, Gyn visits, self-exams. Males should include ED issues.
Examples of blood studies for reproductive disorders?
Pituitary gonadotropin, steroid hormones, serologic tests, STS or VDRL, PSA, HIV testing
Most common benign tumor. Tumors are oval, freely mobile, and rubbery.
Fibroadenoma. A mass of connective tissue that is unattached to the surrounding tissue of the breast. Women in reproductive years are more likely to present with them.
Highly malignant type of bone cancer. Metastasis to the lungs is common along with death.
Ewing’s sarcoma. Pain, swelling, low grade fever, leukocytosis, anemia.
Tumor of the cartilage tissue. Dull pain/ swelling for a long time.
Chondrosarcoma.
Usually in the pelvis and proximal end of the femur. Prognosis is reasonable.
This is more common than primary bone cancers.
Metastatic bone disease. Often happens to young adults.
Diagnostic tests for bone tumors? Labs?
ALP is elevated. Increased leukocytes, increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), increased Ca level, increased ESR, x-rays
The two main features are fibrosis and cysts. S/s? Treatment?
Fibrocystic breast condition (FBC). Breast pain, tender lumps that move when pushed on. Thickening of areas of the breast. Usually right before the menstrual cycle.
Treat SX. Drugs, usually hormones but sometimes vitamins and diuretics. BSE.
A benign breast condition in which the ducts dilate, walls thicken and distend causing the duct to become blocked.
Ductal ectasia
Tender, hard masses with irregular borders. Nipple discharge, enlarged lymph nodes, edema of the breast, warm compresses, antibiotics.
Reduce anxiety associated with the threat of breast cancer and support the woman through the diagnostic process.
“Female” breasts in males that are usually non-cancerous. Bilateral tends to be less threatening than lateral and is the most common.
Gynecomastia.
Malnutrition, liver disease, hyperthyroidism, metastatic disease from somewhere else, estrogen excess.
Second-leading cause of female cancer deaths after lung cancer. Survival is improved when detected early.
Breast cancer.
Genes include BRCA1 on chromosome 17 and BRCA2 and chromosome 13. Up to an 80% chance of developing breast cancer with it. Most malignant one is inflammatory breast cancer.
Either invasive or non-invasive.
