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BODY LOGISTICS > Bone, Bone Marrow, Vessels and Blood > Flashcards

Bone, Bone Marrow, Vessels and Blood Flashcards

1
Q

5 classes of bones

A

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid

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2
Q

Structure and function of long bones with 2 examples

A

Longer than they are wide
Support weight of body and facilitate movement
Femur and small bones in fingers

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3
Q

Structure and function of short bones with 2 examples

A

Long as they are wide
Provide stability and some movement
Carpals in wrist and tarsels in ankles

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4
Q

Structure and function of flat bones

A

Flattened with roughly parallel opposite edges
Protect internal organs and provide large areas of attachment for muscles

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5
Q

4 examples of flat bones

A

Skull
Thoracic cage (sternum and ribs)
Pelvis - ilium
Scapula

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6
Q

Structure and function of irregular bones

A

Vary in shape and function with often a complex shape
Protect internal organs and provide anchor points for muscle groups

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7
Q

2 examples of irregular bones

A

Vertebrae in vertebral column
Pelvis - sacrum

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8
Q

What are sesamoid bones and their function? Give an example

A

Bones embedded in tendons
Protect tendons from stress and damage from repeated ‘wear and tear’
Patella (postnatally formed)

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9
Q

What is red marrow full of and where is it found?

A

Haemopoietic stem cells and a rich blood supply
Only found in cancellous bone

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10
Q

Function of red marrow

A

Haemopoiesis -replenish red blood cells

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11
Q

What is yellow marrow full of? State its function

A

Full of white fat cells (adipocytes) with a poor blood supply
Shock absorber and energy source

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12
Q

What special attribute does yellow bone marrow have when RBC counts are low? E.g anaemia

A

Yellow marrow has the ability to convert to red marrow for haemopoiesis

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13
Q

When will reticulocytes appear in the blood?

A

After large blood loss or anaemia
Try to balance out the lack of RBC

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14
Q

What hormone stimulates platelets?

A

Thrombopoetin

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15
Q

How is blood supplied to bone?

A
  1. Enters through nutrient artery
  2. To central vein
  3. Into arterioles
  4. Some arterioles go to the sinusoid or to periosteum
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16
Q

How is cortical bones supplied with blood?

A

Arterioles branch off from central artery where they go to the periosteum and join with haversion system and to the cortical bone

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17
Q

How do cell made in bone marrow leave the bone? (3)

A

Released into sinusoidal capillaries
Travel to the central marrow vein
And out into circulation through the vena comitans

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18
Q

What non-hormonal change stimulates the formation of a megakaryocyte? Why?

A

mechanical stiffness and marrow viscosity due to drop in blood pressure.
Loss of blood = loss of water so water diffuses into the sinusoids from bone marrow

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19
Q

Explain how platelets are formed and how they leave the bone

A
  1. Change in extracellular bone marrow matrix stimulates formation
  2. Haemopoeitic stem cells and haemopoeitic progenitor cells come together
  3. 2 progenitor cells fuse and divide to make a cell with 4 nuclei - 92 chromosomes (developing megakaryocyte)
  4. Fat cells joins developing megakaryocyte to develop it
  5. Too large to go through fenestrations so projects cytoplasm into sinusoids and releases cells through apopcrine secretion
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20
Q

Through what type of secretion are platelets released from megakaryocyte

A

Apocrine

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21
Q

Where do newly formed RBC go upon entering circulation from vena comitans?

A

Venule -> intermediate vein -> larger vein -> vena cava
During this time, they become mature - 2 days

22
Q

Where do newly formed WBC go upon entering circulation from vena comitans?

A

Venule -> intermediate vein -> larger vein -> vena cava
Immature T cells need to be activated by thymus and lymphatic
B cells already mature

23
Q

What is the flow in capillaries controlled by?

A

Precapillary sphincters

24
Q

What are precapillary sphincters? Where are they located

A

Band of smooth muscle that can adjust to control the flow of blood in capillaries
Between arterioles and capillaries

25
Q

What happens when precapillary sphincters are closed?

A

Blood cannot flow to capillary beds and bypasses through metarteriole and thoroughfare channels (serve as vascular shunts when precapillary sphincters are closed)

26
Q

Function of precapillary sphincters

A
  1. Controls fluid exchange between capillaries and body tissue that happens in the capillary bed
  2. Prevents larger cells passing through capillaries and bypass capillary bed
27
Q

What is a vein?

A

Elastic blood vessel that transports blood from regions of the body to the heart

28
Q

3 layers of the vein and what they consist of

A

Tunica intima - endothelial cells
Tunica media - elastic fibres and smooth muscle
Tunica externa - elastic fibrous capsule

29
Q

What aids blood flow in veins veins?

A

Contraction of muscles due to low pressure

30
Q

Function of fibroelastic cartilaginous valves in veins

A

Prevent back flow due to low pressure

31
Q

4 different types of veins and what they do

A

Pulmonary - carry oxygenated blood to left atrium from the lungs
Systemic - carry non-oxygenated blood from body to right atrium
Superficial - located close to skin surface
Deep - deeper in body and surrounded by viscera and organs

32
Q

Smallest veins

A

Venules - receive blood from capillaries and arterioles

33
Q

Largest veins

A

Superior and inferior vena cava - drain into right atrium of the heart

34
Q

3 main layers of arteries

A

Tunica intima - smooth endothelial lining and elastic membrane
Tunica media - smooth muscle and elastic fibres
Tunica externa (adventia) - collagen and elastic fibres

35
Q

What does the tunica adventia allow to happen?

A

Allows arteries to stretch but prevent over expansion due to higher blood pressure than veins

36
Q

What are the tunica intima and tunica adventia separated by from the smooth muscle interior of the tunica media?

A

Between tunica externa and media : external elastic membrane
Between tuncia intima and media : internal elastic membrane

37
Q

Main difference between arteries and veins

A

Tunica media is much thicker in the artery to deal with higher blood pressure
Lumen is much smaller in artery

38
Q

What are collateral blood vessel? (Sometimes referred to as communicating blood vessels)

A

Provide alternative pathways for arterial blood - so provide protection for tissues that may become compromised due to a blockage e.t.c
Stop tissues getting hypoxic

39
Q

How are collateral blood vessels generated?

A

Chronic disease e.g. ischaemia (reduced blood flow) or around slow growing tumours, atherosclerosis
During development

40
Q

What is vasculogenesis?

A

Formation of new blood vessels from mesenchyme cells

41
Q

Explain the process of vasculogenesis

A

Mesenchyme cells differentiate to form an angiogenetic cluster
This cluster then differentiates to form endothelial cells (blood vessel wall held together by tight junctions) and primative blood vessels on the inside

42
Q

Examples of when vasculogenesis occurs

A

During embryo development
Newly formed cancers

43
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Formation of new blood vessels from existing blood vessels

44
Q

Examples of when angiogenesis occurs (3)

A

Fetal development
Collateral arteries
Postnatal lung development

45
Q

Describe vasculogenesis during embryo development

A

VEGF produced by endoderm
Mesenchyme cells differentiate into blood islands which fuse to form a primary plexus
This can fold into a primary blood vessel

46
Q

Two pathways that can occur after primary plexus/ vessel is formed in embryo development

A

Sprouting : angiogenesis
Division of primary vessel : Intussusception

47
Q

What happens in angiogenesis sprouting? How long does it last?

A

FGF (fibroblast growth factor) is produced by mesenchymal cells and causes stem cells to move out from existing blood vessel
As it grows away, pericytes come to protect it from leaking and convert into smooth muscle cells
Takes hours to days

48
Q

What is intussusception? What does this explain in our body?

A

Division of the primary vessel into twinned vessel needing multiple growth factors
Explains why arteries and veins are so close together
Quick - takes minutes to hours

49
Q

What is a pericyte?

A

Immature smooth muscle cells found inside basal lamina of endothelial cells - key component of capillaries

50
Q

Functions of pericytes (2)

A

Maintains tight capillaries especially in the brain for the blood brain barrier - stops blood leaving system into brain
Prevents endothelial cell proliferation

51
Q

What can the pericyte differentiate into?

A

Endothelial cell
Smooth muscles cell
Fibroblast

BODY LOGISTICS (16 decks)

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