Bone Biology Flashcards
morphology
the shape of the bone as a whole
ontogeny
growth & development; one of the four main factors that leads to variation
moderate sexual dimorphism
sex of the individual; one of the four main factors that leads to variation
geographic/population-based
where the individual may come from; one of the four main factors that leads to variation
individual/idiosyncratic
variation between individuals; one of the four main factors that leads to variation
ligaments
cords, bands, or sheets of collagenous bundles between bones
cartilage
tough, dense but elastic connective tissue
tendons
closely packed parallel bundles of collagen fibers
synovial joints
freely moving joins
examples of synovial joints
hips, elbows, knees, & thumbs
hyaline cartilage
a slick cartilage that coats the surface of bones during life
joint cavity
the area between the bones in a joint
synovial fluid
secretion from membrane found in joints
joint capsule
a sac made of connective tissue & reinforced by ligaments that confines the synovial fluid
articular surfaces
shapes in the edges of bones engaged in a joint; movement is controlled/limited by their shape
spheroidal/ball-and-socket joint
allows movement in many directions
example of a spheroidal joint
hips
hinge joint
movement is limited mostly to one plane
example of a spheroidal joint
knees
saddle-shaped/sellar joint
allows movement in two basic directions
example of sellar joint
thumbs
planar joint
allows two bones to slide across each other
example of planar joints
wrists & arches of the foot
synchondroses
cartilaginous joints/bones that are jointed by cartilage
symphysis
a variety of cartilaginous joints where the fibrocartilage is covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage
syndesmoses
tight, inflexible fibrous joints
origin of a joint
the site that stays relatively stable during contraction of the muscle; for appendages it is usually whichever attachment is closest to the trunk of the body
insertion of a joint
the site that is moved by the muscle contraction
extension
straightening, extending outward (movement of the muscle)
flexion
bending, pulling inward (movement of the muscle)
compact/cortical bone
solid, dense bone found in the walls of bone shafts and on external bone surfaces
subchondral bone
compact bone covered by cartilage
spongy bone
porous, lightweight bone with a honeycomb-like structure
cancellous/trabecular bone
named after the thin, bony structures that form it
trabeculae
thin, bony, crystalline structures
red marrow
produces red and white blood cells and platelets; found in areas of trabecular bone
hematopoietic tissue
blood-forming tissue
yellow marrow
reserves of fat cells, found in the shaft of tubular bones
medullary cavity
the hollow inside the shaft of tubular bones, surrounded by compact bone
epiphyses
ends of long bones; secondary ossification centers
examples of long bones
femur, tibia, fibia
examples of short bones
metacarpals
examples of irregular bones
bones of the wrists
examples of flat bones
cranium, ribs
diaphysis
long part of the bone; the primary ossification center
metaphyses
flared ends of the shaft
periosteum
thin tissue covering the outer surface of bones during life that nourishes the bone
endosteum
cellular membrane lining the inner surface of the bone
osteogenic tissues
tissues that contain bone-forming cells (like the periosteum and endosteum)
collagen
90% of the organic content in bone
hydroxyapatite
mineral that strengthens the collagen in bone
histology
the study of tissues at a microscopic level
immature bone/coarsely-bundled bone/woven bone
the first kind of bone to develop prenatally that is coarse and fibrous in microscopic appearance with bundles of unorganized collagen fibers
mature bone/lamelar bone
organized, orderly structure of repeating uniform lamellae that replaces woven bone
haversian systems
found in compact bone aka secondary osteon
haversian canal
core through which blood, lymph, & nerve fibers pass
Volkmann’s canals
network that supplies blood and lymph to long bones
lacunae
small cavities in each lamella that contain osteocytes
osteocyte
a living bone cell
canaliculi
fluid-filled channels that radiate from the haversian canal to lacurae or from one lacura to another, that transport nutrients to cells
osteoblasts
bone-forming cells responsible for synthesizing and depositing bone material beneath the periosteum
osteoid
pre-bone tissue
osteoclasts
cells responsible for the resorption of bone tissue
osteogenesis/ossification
bone development
intramembranous ossification
a bone developing within an embryonic connective tissue membrane
endrochondral ossification
a bone develops after cartilage model
nutrient foramen
initial penetration of bone by a blood vessel
perichondrium
a thin membrane surrounding the cartilage model
appositional growth
the back and forth between osteoblasts and osteocytes
growth plate/epiphyseal plate
cartilaginous center between the ends of bones, responsible for the formation of length
callus
fibrous connective tissue that forms over the torn periosteum during a fracture
primary bony callus
woven bone mineralized by osteoblasts at the site of a fracture
