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Human Osteology > Bone Biology > Flashcards

Bone Biology Flashcards

1
Q

morphology

A

the shape of the bone as a whole

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2
Q

ontogeny

A

growth & development; one of the four main factors that leads to variation

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2
Q

moderate sexual dimorphism

A

sex of the individual; one of the four main factors that leads to variation

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3
Q

geographic/population-based

A

where the individual may come from; one of the four main factors that leads to variation

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4
Q

individual/idiosyncratic

A

variation between individuals; one of the four main factors that leads to variation

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5
Q

ligaments

A

cords, bands, or sheets of collagenous bundles between bones

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6
Q

cartilage

A

tough, dense but elastic connective tissue

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7
Q

tendons

A

closely packed parallel bundles of collagen fibers

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8
Q

synovial joints

A

freely moving joins

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9
Q

examples of synovial joints

A

hips, elbows, knees, & thumbs

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10
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

a slick cartilage that coats the surface of bones during life

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11
Q

joint cavity

A

the area between the bones in a joint

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12
Q

synovial fluid

A

secretion from membrane found in joints

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13
Q

joint capsule

A

a sac made of connective tissue & reinforced by ligaments that confines the synovial fluid

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14
Q

articular surfaces

A

shapes in the edges of bones engaged in a joint; movement is controlled/limited by their shape

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15
Q

spheroidal/ball-and-socket joint

A

allows movement in many directions

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16
Q

example of a spheroidal joint

A

hips

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17
Q

hinge joint

A

movement is limited mostly to one plane

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18
Q

example of a spheroidal joint

A

knees

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19
Q

saddle-shaped/sellar joint

A

allows movement in two basic directions

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20
Q

example of sellar joint

A

thumbs

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21
Q

planar joint

A

allows two bones to slide across each other

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22
Q

example of planar joints

A

wrists & arches of the foot

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23
Q

synchondroses

A

cartilaginous joints/bones that are jointed by cartilage

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24
Q

symphysis

A

a variety of cartilaginous joints where the fibrocartilage is covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage

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25
Q

syndesmoses

A

tight, inflexible fibrous joints

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26
Q

origin of a joint

A

the site that stays relatively stable during contraction of the muscle; for appendages it is usually whichever attachment is closest to the trunk of the body

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27
Q

insertion of a joint

A

the site that is moved by the muscle contraction

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28
Q

extension

A

straightening, extending outward (movement of the muscle)

29
Q

flexion

A

bending, pulling inward (movement of the muscle)

30
Q

compact/cortical bone

A

solid, dense bone found in the walls of bone shafts and on external bone surfaces

31
Q

subchondral bone

A

compact bone covered by cartilage

32
Q

spongy bone

A

porous, lightweight bone with a honeycomb-like structure

33
Q

cancellous/trabecular bone

A

named after the thin, bony structures that form it

34
Q

trabeculae

A

thin, bony, crystalline structures

35
Q

red marrow

A

produces red and white blood cells and platelets; found in areas of trabecular bone

36
Q

hematopoietic tissue

A

blood-forming tissue

37
Q

yellow marrow

A

reserves of fat cells, found in the shaft of tubular bones

38
Q

medullary cavity

A

the hollow inside the shaft of tubular bones, surrounded by compact bone

39
Q

epiphyses

A

ends of long bones; secondary ossification centers

40
Q

examples of long bones

A

femur, tibia, fibia

41
Q

examples of short bones

A

metacarpals

42
Q

examples of irregular bones

A

bones of the wrists

43
Q

examples of flat bones

A

cranium, ribs

44
Q

diaphysis

A

long part of the bone; the primary ossification center

45
Q

metaphyses

A

flared ends of the shaft

46
Q

periosteum

A

thin tissue covering the outer surface of bones during life that nourishes the bone

47
Q

endosteum

A

cellular membrane lining the inner surface of the bone

48
Q

osteogenic tissues

A

tissues that contain bone-forming cells (like the periosteum and endosteum)

49
Q

collagen

A

90% of the organic content in bone

50
Q

hydroxyapatite

A

mineral that strengthens the collagen in bone

51
Q

histology

A

the study of tissues at a microscopic level

52
Q

immature bone/coarsely-bundled bone/woven bone

A

the first kind of bone to develop prenatally that is coarse and fibrous in microscopic appearance with bundles of unorganized collagen fibers

53
Q

mature bone/lamelar bone

A

organized, orderly structure of repeating uniform lamellae that replaces woven bone

54
Q

haversian systems

A

found in compact bone aka secondary osteon

55
Q

haversian canal

A

core through which blood, lymph, & nerve fibers pass

56
Q

Volkmann’s canals

A

network that supplies blood and lymph to long bones

57
Q

lacunae

A

small cavities in each lamella that contain osteocytes

58
Q

osteocyte

A

a living bone cell

59
Q

canaliculi

A

fluid-filled channels that radiate from the haversian canal to lacurae or from one lacura to another, that transport nutrients to cells

60
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone-forming cells responsible for synthesizing and depositing bone material beneath the periosteum

61
Q

osteoid

A

pre-bone tissue

62
Q

osteoclasts

A

cells responsible for the resorption of bone tissue

63
Q

osteogenesis/ossification

A

bone development

64
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

a bone developing within an embryonic connective tissue membrane

65
Q

endrochondral ossification

A

a bone develops after cartilage model

66
Q

nutrient foramen

A

initial penetration of bone by a blood vessel

67
Q

perichondrium

A

a thin membrane surrounding the cartilage model

68
Q

appositional growth

A

the back and forth between osteoblasts and osteocytes

69
Q

growth plate/epiphyseal plate

A

cartilaginous center between the ends of bones, responsible for the formation of length

70
Q

callus

A

fibrous connective tissue that forms over the torn periosteum during a fracture

71
Q

primary bony callus

A

woven bone mineralized by osteoblasts at the site of a fracture

Human Osteology (2 decks)

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