Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Regeneration > Bone Biology > Flashcards

Bone Biology Flashcards

1
Q

The human skeleton is composed of ___ bones

A

206

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When does the bone mass in the skeleton reach maximum density?

A

30 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Skeleton at birth contains how many bones?

A

300

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Adult skeleton contains how many bones?

A

206

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A
  • skull vertebral column, rib cage
  • visceral skeleton (lower jaw, upper jaw, branchial arches, hyoid bone)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

bones of upper and lower limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The classification of human skeleton bones can be characterized by 5 shapes, what are they?

A
  1. long
  2. short
  3. flat
  4. irregular
  5. sesamoid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of long bones?

A

support weight and facilitate movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the shape of short bones?

A

cube-shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of flat bones?

A

protect the internal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

These type of bones have complex shapes

A

irregular bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

These type of bones reinforce tendons

A

sesamoid bnes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Long bones have a tubular bone shaft which consists of

A

bone collar surrounding a hollow medullary cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The hollow medullary cavity is filled with what?

A

yellow bone marrow in adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the epiphyses? What do they consist of?

A
  • found at ends of bone
  • consist of internal spongy bone covered by a layer of compact bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the epiphyseal line and where it is located?

A
  • located between epiphyses and diaphysis
  • remnant of epiphyseal plate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the external surface of the bone covered by?

A

periosteum which has the blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the internal surface of the bone lined by?

A

endosteum which is a connective tissue membrane

19
Q

Describe the general structure of short, flat, and irregular bones.

A
  • thin plates of periosteum (outside)
  • endosteum-covered spongy bone (inside) which houses bone marrow between trebeculae
20
Q

How do you differentiate between cortical bone and trabecular bone?

A
  • trabecular bone has holes
  • cortical bone has no holes
21
Q

Describe the general blood supply of long bones

A
  • diaphyseal nutrient artery: most important for long bone
  • diaphyseal nutrient artery divides into ascending and descending branches –> supply inner 2/3 or cortex and medullary cavity
  • metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries –> supply the ends of bones
  • periosteal arterioles –> supply outer layers of cortical bone
22
Q

Describe the general bone supply of large irregular bones, short bones, and flat bones

A
  • superficial blood supply from periosteum
  • form large nutrient arteries which penetrate into medullar bone
23
Q

The periosteum and large nutrient arteries of the large irregular bones, short bones and flat bones ___ freely.

A

anastamose

24
Q

**EXAM QUESTION ** What are the 6 functions of the human skeleton?

A
  1. support
    - supports softer tissues
    - provides points of attachment for skeletal muscles
  2. protection
    - internal organs, preventing injury (ex. cranial bones for brain, vertebrae for spinal cord, ribcage for heart and lungs)
  3. assisting movement
    - skeletal muscles attached to bones –> muscles contract –> bones move
  4. resevoir for mineral
    - Ca and P
    - when minerals needed, bone releases minerals in the blood to balance minerals in body
  5. storage of energy
    - with age, red bone marrow –> yellow bone marrow
    - yellow blone marrow consists mainly of adipose cells and few blood cells
  6. production of blood cells
    - red bone marrow inside larger bone cells which produce blood cells
25
Q

What are the four major bone cells?

A
  1. osteoblasts
  2. osteoclasts
  3. osteocytes
  4. osteoprogenitor cells
26
Q

What are osteoblasts? (7 points)

A

“build bone”
- form new bone
- come from bone marrow
- related to structural cells
- found on surface of new bone
- one nucleus
- produce new bone called “osteoid” made of collagen and protein
- control calcium and mineral deposition

27
Q

What are osteoclasts (7 points)?

A
  • “chew bone”
  • dissolve the bone
  • come from bone marrow
  • related to white blood cells
  • formed from two or more cells that fuse together
  • more than one nucleus
  • found on surface of bone mineral next to dissolving bone
28
Q

What are osteocytes?

A
  • cells inside the bone
  • come from osteoblasts
  • new bone will surround osteocytes
  • not isolated because they send out long branches to connect other osteocytes
  • can sense pressures or cracks in bone and help to direct where osteoclasts will dissolve the bone
29
Q

Osteocytes form a complicated network within bone called the

A

lacuna-canaliculi system

30
Q

What is the origin and function of osteoprogenitor cells?

A

origin
- mesenchymal stem cells

function
- low strain and high oxygen tension –> osteoblasts
- intermediate strain and low oxygen tenstion –> cartilage
- high strain - fibrous tissue

31
Q

Skeletal development begins during the ____ of gestation and continues into the _____.

A

first trimester
postnatal years

32
Q

Skeletal development occurs through two distinct processes, what are they?

A
  1. intramembranous ossification –> osteoblast
  2. endochondral ossification
    –> chondrocyte
33
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A
  1. osteoblasts line surface of the bone (lining cells)
  2. develop bone marrow cavity
  3. woven bone
34
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A
  • hyaline cartilage template formed
  • over time replaced by mineralized bone tissue
35
Q

The epiphyseal growth plate is classified into __ zones

A

5

36
Q

What is bone modeling? What is the primary function? Where does it occur?

A
  1. formation modeling: formation of bone by osteoblasts
  2. resporptive modeling: resorption of bone by osteoclasts

primary function
- increase bone mass and mantain/alter bone shape

occurs?
- preexisting bone surface

37
Q

Differentiate between longitudinal growth and radial bone growth

A
38
Q

True or false: During bone remodelling, bone formation and bone resorption must occur at the same location.

A

True

39
Q

Bone remodeling can occur upon/within any of the four bone surfaces, what are they?

A
  1. periosteal
  2. endocortical
  3. trabecular
  4. intracortical
40
Q

Compare and contrast modeling and remodeling of the bone

A
41
Q

What is Wolff’s Law?

A

“Bone in a healthy person or animal will adapt to the loads under which it is placed”

42
Q

According to Wolff’s Law, what happens if loading on a particular bone increases (i.e., baseball player or rower)?

A

bone will remodel itself over time to become stronger to resist that sort of loading

43
Q

According to Wolff’s Law, what happens if loading on a bone decreases (i.e., astronauts in space)

A

the bone will become less dense and weaker due to lack of required for continued remodeling

44
Q

What are the consequences of tooth loss?

A

Regeneration (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions